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		<title>Ανθρωπιστικά σύνορα – πεδίο μάχης  πολιτικών αγώνων</title>
		<link>http://www.versuslehti.fi/tiededebatti/%ce%b1%ce%bd%ce%b8%cf%81%cf%89%cf%80%ce%b9%cf%83%cf%84%ce%b9%ce%ba%ce%ac-%cf%83%cf%8d%ce%bd%ce%bf%cf%81%ce%b1-%cf%80%ce%b5%ce%b4%ce%af%ce%bf-%ce%bc%ce%ac%cf%87%ce%b7%cf%82-%cf%80%ce%bf/?utm_source=rss&#038;utm_medium=rss&#038;utm_campaign=%25ce%25b1%25ce%25bd%25ce%25b8%25cf%2581%25cf%2589%25cf%2580%25ce%25b9%25cf%2583%25cf%2584%25ce%25b9%25ce%25ba%25ce%25ac-%25cf%2583%25cf%258d%25ce%25bd%25ce%25bf%25cf%2581%25ce%25b1-%25cf%2580%25ce%25b5%25ce%25b4%25ce%25af%25ce%25bf-%25ce%25bc%25ce%25ac%25cf%2587%25ce%25b7%25cf%2582-%25cf%2580%25ce%25bf</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Anna Marjaana]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 21 Jun 2022 03:00:56 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Multilingual]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Tiededebatti]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[EU]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Human rights]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Migration]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Refugees]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.versuslehti.fi/?p=8825</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p><span class="span-reading-time rt-reading-time" style="display: block;"><span class="rt-label rt-prefix">Lukuaika:</span> <span class="rt-time"> 12</span> <span class="rt-label rt-postfix">min.</span></span>Το κείμενο αυτό αποτελεί μέρος μιας πολύγλωσσης σειράς άρθρων για τα ανθρωπιστικά σύνορα. // Οι συζητήσεις για τη μετανάστευση τείνουν να πολώνονται σε ακραία άκρα. Τα ανθρωπιστικά σύνορα είναι μια έννοια που προσπαθεί να διαχωρίσει την πολυπλοκότητα του μεταναστευτικού φαινομένου μεταξύ μιας ανθρώπινης δυσπραγίας και ενός σκληρού συνοριακού ελέγχου.</p>
<p>The post <a href="http://www.versuslehti.fi/tiededebatti/%ce%b1%ce%bd%ce%b8%cf%81%cf%89%cf%80%ce%b9%cf%83%cf%84%ce%b9%ce%ba%ce%ac-%cf%83%cf%8d%ce%bd%ce%bf%cf%81%ce%b1-%cf%80%ce%b5%ce%b4%ce%af%ce%bf-%ce%bc%ce%ac%cf%87%ce%b7%cf%82-%cf%80%ce%bf/">Ανθρωπιστικά σύνορα – πεδίο μάχης  πολιτικών αγώνων</a> appeared first on <a href="http://www.versuslehti.fi"></a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<span class="span-reading-time rt-reading-time" style="display: block;"><span class="rt-label rt-prefix">Lukuaika:</span> <span class="rt-time"> 12</span> <span class="rt-label rt-postfix">min.</span></span><div class="four-columns-three"></p>
<p><div class="box blue-box"> Το κείμενο αυτό αποτελεί μέρος μιας πολύγλωσσης σειράς άρθρων για τα <a href="https://www.versuslehti.fi/teemat/humanitarian-border-arena-of-political-struggle-multilingual-article-series/">ανθρωπιστικά σύνορα</a>. Βασίζεται σε πρόσφατα δημοσιευμένα άρθρα που μπορείτε να βρείτε <a href="https://trepo.tuni.fi/handle/10024/117246">εδώ</a> και <a href="https://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Spathopoulou_Kallio_Hakli_2021_IPS_authors_copy.pdf">εδώ</a>.<br /></div></p>
<p><span class="dropcap">O</span>ι συζητήσεις για την αίτηση ασύλου και τους πρόσφυγες πολώνονται σε δύο άκρα. Όσοι επικρίνουν τη μετανάστευση μιλούν για σύνορα και ασφάλεια, ενώ οι υποστηρικτές της ανθρωπιστικής ευθύνη υπογραμμίζουν το δικαίωμα των προσφύγων στη διεθνή προστασία. Στην Ευρώπη οι συζητήσεις εντάθηκαν το 2015, όταν μεγάλος αριθμός ατόμων έφτασε στην Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση για να ζητήσει άσυλο.</p>
<p>Στα τέλη του 2021, η τεταμένη κατάσταση στα σύνορα της Πολωνίας και της Λιθουανίας με τη Λευκορωσία έφερε στην ημερήσια διάταξη την τιτλοποίηση των εξωτερικών συνόρων της ΕΕ. Η σκληρή διαχείριση των συνόρων που ασκείται τώρα εκεί έχει γίνει στο παρελθόν στα σύνορα Ελλάδας-Τουρκίας.</p>
<p>Η ανθρωπιστική βοήθεια και η διακυβέρνηση της μετανάστευσης πλαισιώνονται συνήθως ως δύο αντίθετες στρατηγικές. Ωστόσο, στην πραγματικότητα και οι δύο διαμορφώνονται σε σχέση μεταξύ τους. Η αναγκαστική διεθνής μετανάστευση πηγάζει από την ανθρώπινη αγωνία. Οι άνθρωποι φεύγουν από επικίνδυνες και μη βιώσιμες συνθήκες σε χώρες όπου ελπίζουν να χτίσουν πιο ασφαλείς ζωές. Τα κράτη, από την άλλη, έχουν το δικαίωμα να ελέγχουν την ανθρώπινη κινητικότητα και τη διαμονή ως απόδειξη της κυριαρχίας τους, γεγονός που τους επιτρέπει να χρησιμοποιούν το καθεστώς διαβατηρίων και θεωρήσεων για την ταξινόμηση μεταξύ επιθυμητής και ανεπιθύμητης κινητικότητας. Για το λόγο αυτό, πολλοί πρόσφυγες δεν βρίσκουν νόμιμη πρόσβαση στην ΕΕ. Αυτοί οι δύο κόσμοι συνδέονται με τη Σύμβαση των Ηνωμένων Εθνών για τους Πρόσφυγες που γιορτάζει τώρα την 70η επέτειό της. Αναγκάζει τα συμβαλλόμενα κράτη να δέχονται άτομα που ζητούν άσυλο στην επικράτειά τους.</p>
<h3>Ανθρωπιστικά σύνορα</h3>
<p>Στη διεθνή υποτροφία, οι συναντήσεις μεταξύ αιτούντων άσυλο και κρατών προσεγγίζονται μέσω της έννοιας των ανθρωπιστικών συνόρων. Έχει αναπτυχθεί σε διεπιστημονική έρευνα για την αναγκαστική μετανάστευση και τη διακυβέρνησή της σε διάφορα μέρη του κόσμου. Η προσέγγιση είναι πρακτική: οι ερευνητές αναλύουν τι συμβαίνει σε μέρη όπου οι αιτούντες άσυλο συναντούν τη διακυβέρνηση της μετανάστευσης.</p>
<p>Η γεωγραφική έρευνα επικεντρώνεται ιδιαίτερα στους χώρους που δημιουργούν τα ανθρωπιστικά σύνορα. Λειτουργώντας όχι μόνο ως διαχωριστικό μέσο μεταξύ διαφορετικών περιοχών, τα ανθρωπιστικά σύνορα αποτελούν επίσης έναν συνεχώς μεταβαλλόμενο ενδιάμεσο χώρο που τις συνδέει. Ως εκ τούτου, οι πολυβάθμιες συναντήσεις μεταξύ των αιτούντων άσυλο και της διακυβέρνησης παράγουν τόσο φυσικό χώρο ζωής όσο και συμβολικούς και πρακτικούς χώρους πολιτικών αγώνων.</p>
<p><figure id="attachment_8633" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-8633" style="width: 900px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://www.versuslehti.fi/tiededebatti/humanitarian-border-arena-of-political-struggle/attachment/levi-meir-clancy-f1_b1evxmhq-unsplash/" rel="attachment wp-att-8633"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" class="size-large wp-image-8633" src="https://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/levi-meir-clancy-f1_b1EVxmhQ-unsplash-1024x683.jpg" alt="" width="900" height="600" srcset="http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/levi-meir-clancy-f1_b1EVxmhQ-unsplash-1024x683.jpg 1024w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/levi-meir-clancy-f1_b1EVxmhQ-unsplash-300x200.jpg 300w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/levi-meir-clancy-f1_b1EVxmhQ-unsplash-768x512.jpg 768w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/levi-meir-clancy-f1_b1EVxmhQ-unsplash-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/levi-meir-clancy-f1_b1EVxmhQ-unsplash-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/levi-meir-clancy-f1_b1EVxmhQ-unsplash-1035x690.jpg 1035w" sizes="(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-8633" class="wp-caption-text">Τα ανθρωπιστικά σύνορα είναι ένας διάχυτος χωρικός σχηματισμός. Μπορεί να βρίσκεται στους πολυποίκιλους προσφυγικούς καταυλισμούς που χαρακτηρίζονται από προσωρινό χαρακτήρα. Φωτ: Levi Meir Clancy/Unsplash</figcaption></figure></p>
<h3>Η ζωή στα ανθρωπιστικά σύνορα</h3>
<p>Τα ανθρωπιστικά σύνορα είναι ένας διάχυτος χωρικός σχηματισμός. Από τη μια πλευρά, κατοικεί στους πολλαπλούς προσφυγικούς καταυλισμούς. Καθώς πλησιάζει μια κρίση, δημιουργούνται προσωρινοί καταυλισμοί κοντά σε περιοχές συγκρούσεων ή καταστροφών, εντός της χώρας ή στις γειτονικές χώρες. Η ανθρωπιστική βοήθεια βασίζεται σε φορείς που μπορούν να φτάσουν γρήγορα εκεί, συνήθως τοπικές οργανώσεις και διεθνείς παράγοντες κρίσεων. Τα καταφύγια κατασκευάζονται από διαθέσιμα υλικά, τα τρόφιμα μοιράζονται και προετοιμάζονται σε εξωτερικούς χώρους και οι συνθήκες υγιεινής είναι ανεπαρκείς.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Οι παλαιότεροι καταυλισμοί προσφύγων χρονολογούνται από το 1948. Πολλές γενιές Παλαιστινίων έχουν ζήσει σε αυτούς στην Ιορδανία, τον Λίβανο, τη Συρία και το Ισραήλ.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Σε παρατεταμένες καταστάσεις οι καταυλισμοί γίνονται πιο εύρωστοι με ισχυρότερες δομές στέγασης, εγκαταστάσεις υγιεινής και κουζίνες. Μπορεί να προκύψει μια ημιτυπική αγορά εργασίας καθώς και να διατίθενται στους πρόσφυγες εκπαίδευση, υγειονομική περίθαλψη και άλλες βασικές υπηρεσίες. Συνήθως συνδιοργανώνονται από την Υπηρεσία των Ηνωμένων Εθνών για τους Πρόσφυγες (UNHCR), το κράτος, τους δήμους και τις ΜΚΟ. Οι εγκατεστημένοι καταυλισμοί μπορούν επίσης να μετεγκατασταθούν ή να χωριστούν για πρακτικούς λόγους.</p>
<p>Τα ανθρωπιστικά σύνορα γίνονται έτσι ένας διαρκής χώρος ζωής. Κατασκηνώσεις μεγάλης κλίμακας, παρόμοιες με αστικές γειτονιές, βρίσκονται στην Κένια, την Ουγκάντα και την Ιορδανία, για παράδειγμα. Ομοίως, στην Ασία υπάρχουν στρατόπεδα προσφύγων που φιλοξενούν εκατοντάδες χιλιάδες ανθρώπους, όπως και στο Μπαγκλαντές με πρόσφυγες Ροχίνγκια. Οι παλαιότεροι προσφυγικοί καταυλισμοί χρονολογούνται από το 1948. Αρκετές γενιές Παλαιστινίων έχουν ζήσει στην Ιορδανία, τον Λίβανο, τη Συρία και το Ισραήλ.</p>
<p><figure id="attachment_8553" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-8553" style="width: 800px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><a href="https://www.versuslehti.fi/tiededebatti/humanitaarinen-raja-poliittisen-kamppailun-areena/attachment/an_aerial_view_of_the_zaatri_refugee_camp/" rel="attachment wp-att-8553"><img decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-8553" src="https://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/An_Aerial_View_of_the_Zaatri_Refugee_Camp.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="490" srcset="http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/An_Aerial_View_of_the_Zaatri_Refugee_Camp.jpg 800w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/An_Aerial_View_of_the_Zaatri_Refugee_Camp-300x184.jpg 300w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/An_Aerial_View_of_the_Zaatri_Refugee_Camp-768x470.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-8553" class="wp-caption-text">Αεροφωτογραφία του καταυλισμού προσφύγων Za&#8217;atri στην Ιορδανία. Ο καταυλισμός δημιουργήθηκε ως προσωρινό καταφύγιο για τους Σύριους πρόσφυγες το 2012. Τώρα έχει μετατραπεί σε πόλη και μόνιμη κατοικία για πολλούς από τους κατοίκους του. Φωτ: Wikimedia Commons.</figcaption></figure></p>
<h3>Τα ανθρωπιστικά σύνορα της Ευρώπης;</h3>
<p>Στις χώρες της ΕΕ, οι αιτούντες άσυλο τοποθετούνται κυρίως σε διαφορετικά είδη κέντρων υποδοχής, επεξεργασίας και κράτησης. Επιπλέον, υπάρχουν πρόσφυγες που ζουν σε ιδιωτικά διαμερίσματα και αυτοδημιούργητους καταυλισμούς εντός και εκτός πόλεων, είτε ως εγγεγραμμένοι αιτούντες άσυλο είτε ως μετανάστες χωρίς χαρτιά.</p>
<p>Το 2016, η Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση δημιούργησε στρατόπεδα έκτακτης ανάγκης που ονομάζονται Hotspots, στην Ελλάδα και την Ιταλία. Γίνονται μόνιμο στοιχείο της νέας προσφυγικής πολιτικής της ΕΕ. Ορισμένα μη λειτουργικά στρατόπεδα αντικαθίστανται επί του παρόντος από νέα κλειστά κέντρα ελέγχου στα ελληνικά νησιά.</p>
<p>Οι μεγάλες πόλεις φιλοξενούν πρόσφυγες σε όλο τον κόσμο. Για παράδειγμα, στην Αίγυπτο πάνω από 265.000 εγγεγραμμένοι αιτούντες άσυλο ζουν στις πόλεις, εκτός από πολλούς πρόσφυγες χωρίς τέτοιο καθεστώς. Η Ύπατη Αρμοστεία των Ηνωμένων Εθνών για τους Πρόσφυγες στερείται ικανοτήτων να τους βοηθήσει ή να τους μετεγκαταστήσει. Έτσι, πολλοί άνθρωποι αναζητούν εναλλακτικές για τα ταξίδια τους, ορισμένοι με στόχο να ζητήσουν άσυλο στην ΕΕ. Αυτό σημαίνει συχνά την καταφυγή τους σε λαθρέμπορους, ψάχνοντας για βοήθεια.</p>
<p>Τα ανθρωπιστικά σύνορα κατοικούν και σε παραμεθόριες περιοχές όπου συγκεντρώνονται οι αιτούντες άσυλο. Μερικές φορές οι άνθρωποι αυτοί εγκαθίστανται προσωρινά σε αυτοσχέδιους καταυλισμούς –όπως στο Καλαί της Γαλλίας– αλλά πολλοί μετακινούνται συνεχώς επιδιώκοντας να περάσουν τα σύνορα. Μερικοί αιτούντες άσυλο το πετυχαίνουν αμέσως, άλλοι καταλήγουν να προσπαθούν πολλές φορές και κάποιοι χάνουν τη ζωή τους κατά τη διάρκεια της επικίνδυνης διέλευσης των συνόρων.</p>
<p><figure id="attachment_8555" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-8555" style="width: 900px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><a href="https://www.versuslehti.fi/tiededebatti/humanitaarinen-raja-poliittisen-kamppailun-areena/attachment/radek-homola-ie80bguaexa-unsplash/" rel="attachment wp-att-8555"><img decoding="async" class="size-large wp-image-8555" src="https://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/radek-homola-iE80BguAEXA-unsplash-1024x678.jpg" alt="" width="900" height="596" srcset="http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/radek-homola-iE80BguAEXA-unsplash-1024x678.jpg 1024w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/radek-homola-iE80BguAEXA-unsplash-300x199.jpg 300w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/radek-homola-iE80BguAEXA-unsplash-768x509.jpg 768w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/radek-homola-iE80BguAEXA-unsplash-1536x1017.jpg 1536w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/radek-homola-iE80BguAEXA-unsplash-2048x1356.jpg 2048w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/radek-homola-iE80BguAEXA-unsplash-1042x690.jpg 1042w" sizes="(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-8555" class="wp-caption-text">Εγκαταλελειμμένος καταυλισμός προσφύγων στο Καλαί της Γαλλίας το 2018. Φωτογραφία: Radek Homola/ Unsplash</figcaption></figure></p>
<h3>Αγώνας για το δικαίωμα στο άσυλο</h3>
<p>Στην έρευνα, η πολιτική των ανθρωπιστικών συνόρων μπορεί να εντοπιστεί μέσω ανάλυσης εγγράφων και μέσων ενημέρωσης και με μελέτη των πρακτικών διακυβέρνησης της μετανάστευσης. Είναι ένας πολιτικός χώρος που αποτελείται από αγώνες για την ένταξη και τον αποκλεισμό. Η προσοχή του κοινού σε τέτοιους παρατεταμένους αγώνες μπορεί είτε να μειώσει είτε να αυξήσει τη πολιτική σημασία του.</p>
<p>Τα σύνορα συμπερίληψης αφορούν την εφαρμογή και ισχύ του διεθνούς δικαιώματος στο άσυλο. Οι πρόσφυγες έχουν το δικαίωμα να ζητήσουν άσυλο σε χώρες που είναι δεσμευμένες στη Σύμβαση του ΟΗΕ, ενώ τα κράτη έχουν το δικαίωμα να καθορίσουν πότε πληρούνται τα κριτήρια απόκτησης του καθεστώτος του πρόσφυγα. Οι χώρες της ΕΕ ερμηνεύουν αυτά τα κριτήρια τόσο ανεξάρτητα όσο και συλλογικά.</p>
<p>Η πρόσβαση των προσφύγων στο άσυλο ποικίλλει σημαντικά. Οι χώρες προέλευσής τους μπορεί να θεωρηθούν «ασφαλείς», γεγονός που οδηγεί σε υψηλό βαθμό απόρριψης αιτήσεων. Οι άνθρωποι έχουν επίσης διαφορετική πρόσβαση σε υποστηρικτικά δίκτυα και ορισμένοι δεν έχουν τη δυνατότητα να αναφέρουν ζητήματα που θεωρούνται κρίσιμα για το καθεστώς του πρόσφυγα.</p>
<p>Προκειμένου να ζητήσει κανείς άσυλο, πρέπει να εισέλθει στην επικράτεια της χώρας-στόχου. Συχνά αυτό δεν είναι δυνατό να γίνει μέσω των επίσημων συνοριακών σημείων διέλευσης. Όσον αφορά τη φύλαξη των συνόρων, το γεγονός αυτό έχει εξελιχθεί σε αμφιλεγόμενο ζήτημα. Για παράδειγμα, τα κέντρα υποδοχής που κατασκευάζονται τώρα στα ελληνικά νησιά έχουν περιγραφεί ως κέντρα κράτησης που μοιάζουν με φυλακές, κάτι που αναφέρεται κυρίως για τον σκοπό τους. Πρωταρχικός στόχος της νέας πολιτικής της ΕΕ για τους πρόσφυγες, το Νέο Σύμφωνο για τη Μετανάστευση και το Άσυλο, είναι η επιτάχυνση της αξιολόγησης των υποθέσεων ασύλου. Στόχος είναι η επιστροφή ενός αυξανόμενου αριθμού προσφύγων απευθείας από τα εξωτερικά σύνορα. Αυτό θα περιορίσει εντυπωσιακά τον πολιτικό χώρο των ανθρωπιστικών συνόρων.</p>
<h3>Στο όριο της παρανομίας;</h3>
<p>Τα σύνορα αποκλεισμού αφορούν την εδαφική διακυβέρνηση. Τα κράτη έχουν το δικαίωμα να καθορίσουν τους λόγους για τους οποίους οι άνθρωποι μπορούν να εισέλθουν στην επικράτειά τους και να παραμείνουν στη χώρα. Ωστόσο, αυτή η κυριαρχία εξαρτάται από διεθνείς συνθήκες σχετικά με την κινητικότητα και τα ανθρώπινα δικαιώματα. Για παράδειγμα, τα κράτη μέλη της Σύμβασης του ΟΗΕ για τους Πρόσφυγες έχουν συμφωνήσει ότι άτομα μπορούν να εισέλθουν στη χώρα εάν εγγραφούν ως αιτούντες άσυλο. Ως εκ τούτου, οι αιτούντες άσυλο δεν μπορούν να αντιμετωπίζονται ως παράνομοι μετανάστες.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Τα ανθρωπιστικά σύνορα είναι ένας παράδοξος χώρος. Αποτελεί στα εξωτερικά σύνορα των κρατών και της ΕΕ, αλλά εξίσου οπουδήποτε αξιολογούνται τα δικαιώματα παραμονής των αιτούντων άσυλο.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Ωστόσο, σε πολλά σύνορα της ΕΕ, οι χώρες εκτελούν επί του παρόντος τις αποκαλούμενες ανατροπές, που σημαίνει καταναγκαστικά μέτρα για την αποτροπή εισόδου των αιτούντων άσυλο στην εθνική επικράτεια. Αυτή θεωρείται αμφισβητήσιμη συνοριακή πρακτική, καθώς έρχεται σε αντίθεση με τις διεθνείς συνθήκες και με αυτό που ορίζουν ως παράνομη μετανάστευση, καθώς τα κράτη περιορίζουν ουσιαστικά τον πολιτικό χώρο των ανθρωπιστικών συνόρων.</p>
<p>Αντίθετα, πολλοί ακτιβιστές και οργανώσεις επιδιώκουν να διευρύνουν τον χώρο του πολιτικού αγώνα σε αυτά τα πλαίσια κάνοντας ορατή την παρανομία των αυτών των ενεργειών των κρατών. Οι ίδιοι οι αιτούντες άσυλο έχουν μικρή πρόσβαση σε αυτούς τους αγώνες, ακόμα κι αν υπάρχουν κάποιες διαμαρτυρίες. Οι πρόσφυγες αντιμετωπίζουν τη μεταναστευτική διακυβέρνηση από τις ενσωματωμένες ευάλωτες θέσεις τους – στα ζωντανά ανθρωπιστικά σύνορα.</p>
<p><figure id="attachment_8556" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-8556" style="width: 900px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><a href="https://www.versuslehti.fi/tiededebatti/humanitaarinen-raja-poliittisen-kamppailun-areena/attachment/ferry-pirareus/" rel="attachment wp-att-8556"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-large wp-image-8556" src="https://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Ferry-Pirareus-1024x641.jpg" alt="" width="900" height="563" srcset="http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Ferry-Pirareus-1024x641.jpg 1024w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Ferry-Pirareus-300x188.jpg 300w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Ferry-Pirareus-768x481.jpg 768w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Ferry-Pirareus.jpg 1050w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-8556" class="wp-caption-text">Το λιμάνι του Πειραιά στην Ελλάδα αποτελεί κόμβο των μαζικών μεταναστευτικών κινήσεων από το 2015. Άνθρωποι που φεύγουν από τη Συρία, το Αφγανιστάν, το Ιράκ και αλλού φτάνουν στο λιμάνι προκειμένου να φτάσουν στη Δυτική Ευρώπη. Στη φωτογραφία, ένα πλοίο φτάνει στον Πειραιά το 2016. Φωτ: Aila Spathopoulou</figcaption></figure></p>
<h3>Παράδοξος χώρος</h3>
<p>Τα ανθρωπιστικά σύνορα είναι ένας πολλαπλά παράδοξος χώρος. Βρίσκεται στα εξωτερικά σύνορα των κρατών και της ΕΕ, αλλά εξίσου όπου μπορούν να αξιολογηθούν τα δικαιώματα διαμονής των αιτούντων άσυλο. Στην ψηφιοποιημένη κοινωνία τα σύνορα μπορεί να κλείσουν απότομα όταν ένα άτομο επιχειρήσει να αποκτήσει πρόσβαση σε ιδιωτικές ή δημόσιες υπηρεσίες που ζητούν ισχυρή ταυτοποίηση.</p>
<p>Αποτελεί επίσης ένα ταξιδεύον κατασκεύασμα. Το μοντέλο των hotspot εισήχθη στην Ευρώπη από τον Αυστραλιανό Ειρηνικό και αυτή ακριβώς τη στιγμή η κυβέρνηση των ΗΠΑ το αναπαράγει στα σύνορά της με το Μεξικό. Ενώ το όριο επεκτείνεται και στερεοποιείται, οι χώροι ασύλου και προστασίας συρρικνώνονται και εξασθενούν ταυτόχρονα.</p>
<p>Τα ανθρωπιστικά σύνορα συνδέουν τους φαινομενικά ανόμοιους στόχους της φύλαξης των συνόρων από τη μία και της ανθρωπιστικής βοήθειας από την άλλη. Στην ΕΕ, οι αιτούντες άσυλο λαμβάνουν συνήθως άμεση και επείγουσα υποστήριξη ανεξάρτητα από το υπόβαθρό τους και τη χώρα καταγωγής τους, αλλά μόνο σε ένα μικρό μέρος τους προσφέρεται μακροχρόνιο άσυλο. Η αυξανόμενη έμφαση στην ανθρωπιστική βοήθεια στα σύνορα σημαίνει ότι στους αιτούντες άσυλο δεν προσφέρεται απαραίτητα ούτε άμεση βοήθεια . Στα σύνορα Λευκορωσίας-Πολωνίας και Ελλάδας-Τουρκίας απλώς εκδιώκονται από την ΕΕ.</p>
<p>Ως παράδοξος χώρος τα ανθρωπιστικά σύνορα είναι ανοιχτά στους πολιτικούς αγώνες. Η ευρωπαϊκή πολιτική για τους πρόσφυγες περιλαμβάνει συνεχή εξισορρόπηση μεταξύ των εθνικών συμφερόντων και της διεθνούς ευθύνης, της ασφάλειας των συνόρων και της ανθρώπινης απόγνωσης, της κρατικής κυριαρχίας και των ανθρωπίνων δικαιωμάτων. Η διερεύνηση αυτών των τεταμένων σχέσεων βοηθά στην κατανόηση του περίπλοκου φαινομένου και στην εξεύρεση βάσεων για πιο βιώσιμες λύσεις.</p>
<p>KIRSIPAULIINA KALLIO, JOUNI HÄKLI, ELISA PASCUCCI &amp; AILA SPATHOPOLOU</p>
<p>Μεταφράστηκε από: AILA SPATHAPOLOU<br />Φωτογραφία: BRENNAN GRIGGITH/FLICKR</p>
<p><div class="box green-box"><br /><strong>βιβλιογραφικές αναφορές</strong></p>
<p>Kallio, K.P., Häkli, J. &amp; Pascucci, E. (2019). Refugeeness as political subjectivity: Experiencing the humanitarian border. Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space, 37:7, 1258–1276.</p>
<p>Spathopoulou, A., Kallio, K. P. &amp; Häkli, J. (2021). Outsourcing Hotspot governance within the EU: cultural mediators as humanitarian–border workers in Greece. International Political Sociology, 15:3, 359–377.</p>
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<p><a href="https://www.versuslehti.fi/tiededebatti/humanitaarinen-raja-poliittisen-kamppailun-areena/attachment/kirsipauliina-kallio_kasvokuva/" rel="attachment wp-att-8545"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-8545" src="https://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Kirsipauliina-Kallio_kasvokuva-e1648665189428-150x150.jpg" alt="" width="150" height="150" srcset="http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Kirsipauliina-Kallio_kasvokuva-e1648665189428-150x150.jpg 150w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Kirsipauliina-Kallio_kasvokuva-e1648665189428-300x300.jpg 300w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Kirsipauliina-Kallio_kasvokuva-e1648665189428-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Kirsipauliina-Kallio_kasvokuva-e1648665189428-768x768.jpg 768w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Kirsipauliina-Kallio_kasvokuva-e1648665189428-690x690.jpg 690w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Kirsipauliina-Kallio_kasvokuva-e1648665189428.jpg 1529w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></a></p>
<p class="uppercase">Kirsipauliina Kallio</p>
<p>Η Kirsi Pauliina Kallio είναι καθηγήτρια Περιβαλλοντικής Παιδαγωγικής στο Πανεπιστήμιο του Τάμπερε. Η κριτική της έρευνα για τα ανθρωπιστικά σύνορα επικεντρώνεται στη διακυβέρνηση της αναγκαστικής μετανάστευσης στην ΕΕ και στους αναγκαστικές εμπειρίες μεταναστών κατά την αναζήτηση ασύλου στις χώρες της ΕΕ.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.versuslehti.fi/tiededebatti/humanitaarinen-raja-poliittisen-kamppailun-areena/attachment/jouni-hakli-photo/" rel="attachment wp-att-8546"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-8546" src="https://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Jouni-Hakli-photo-e1648665409383-150x150.jpg" alt="" width="150" height="150"></a></p>
<p class="uppercase">Jouni Häkli</p>
<p>Ο Jouni Häkli είναι καθηγητής Περιφερειακών Σπουδών στο Πανεπιστήμιο του Τάμπερε. Η πρόσφατη έρευνά του ασχολείται με το προσφυγικό ζήτημα και τις συναντήσεις μεταξύ αιτούντων άσυλο και της διαχείρισης του μεταναστευτικού.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.versuslehti.fi/tiededebatti/humanitarian-border-arena-of-political-struggle/attachment/thumbnail_elisa_pic/" rel="attachment wp-att-8637"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="aligncenter size-thumbnail wp-image-8637" src="https://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/thumbnail_Elisa_pic-150x150.jpg" alt="" width="150" height="150"></a></p>
<p class="uppercase">Elisa Pascucci</p>
<p>Η Elisa Pascucci είναι ανώτερη ερευνήτρια στο Πανεπιστήμιο του Ελσίνκι. Η τρέχουσα έρευνά της επικεντρώνεται στις γεωγραφίες του ανθρωπισμού, με ιδιαίτερη προσοχή στις ανθρωπιστικές υποδομές και τα logistics. Πρόκειται να ξεκινήσει ένα έργο σχετικά με την πολιτική των διοικητικών και χρηματοδοτικών εργαλείων στην ανάπτυξη και την προσφυγική βοήθεια, το οποίο χρηματοδοτείται από το Ίδρυμα KONE και εδρεύει στη Σχολή Διοίκησης και στο SPARG των Πανεπιστημίων του Τάμπερε.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.versuslehti.fi/tiededebatti/humanitarian-border-arena-of-political-struggle/attachment/aila-spathalou/" rel="attachment wp-att-8772"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="aligncenter size-thumbnail wp-image-8772" src="https://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Aila-Spathalou-e1654037959939-150x150.jpg" alt="" width="150" height="150" srcset="http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Aila-Spathalou-e1654037959939-150x150.jpg 150w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Aila-Spathalou-e1654037959939-300x300.jpg 300w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Aila-Spathalou-e1654037959939-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Aila-Spathalou-e1654037959939-768x768.jpg 768w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Aila-Spathalou-e1654037959939-1536x1536.jpg 1536w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Aila-Spathalou-e1654037959939-2048x2048.jpg 2048w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Aila-Spathalou-e1654037959939-690x690.jpg 690w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></a></p>
<p class="uppercase">Aila Spathopoulou</p>
<p>Η Άιλα Σπαθοπούλου είναι μεταδιδακτορική ερευνήτρια στο Τμήμα Γεωγραφίας του Πανεπιστημίου Durham. Είναι συν-συντονίστρια του ερευνητικού πεδίου: Κινητικότητα: Μετανάστευση και Σύνορα στο Φεμινιστικό Αυτόνομο Κέντρο Έρευνας στην Αθήνα. Η Άιλα ολοκλήρωσε τη διδακτορική της διατριβή στην ανθρωπογεωγραφία, εστιάζοντας σε διαδικασίες συνοριοποίησης και κυβερνητικότητας των μεταναστών μέσω του συστήματος hotspot στην Ελλάδα.</p>
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<p class="uppercase">Lue kommentaarit</p>
<p><div class="box green-box"><a href="#kommentti-1"><strong>Nefeli Bami</strong>:Σχολιασμός στο άρθρο «Ανθρωπιστικά σύνορα – αρένα πολιτικού αγώνα»</a></div></p>
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<p><span id="kommentti-1" class="anchor"></span><div class="box blue-box"><div class="three-columns-one"><br /><a href="https://www.versuslehti.fi/tiededebatti/humanitarian-border-arena-of-political-struggle/attachment/djsbio/" rel="attachment wp-att-8829"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="aligncenter size-thumbnail wp-image-8829" src="https://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Nefeli-e1655772587233-150x150.jpg" alt="" width="150" height="150" srcset="http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Nefeli-e1655772587233-150x150.jpg 150w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Nefeli-e1655772587233-300x300.jpg 300w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Nefeli-e1655772587233.jpg 366w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></a></p>
<p class="uppercase">Nefeli Bami</p>
<p>Της Νεφέλης Αγγελικής Μπάμη<br />Είμαι κοινωνική ανθρωπολόγος με εργασιακή εμπειρία στην ανθρωπιστική βοήθεια και την ακαδημαϊκή έρευνα. Οι κύριοι ανθρωπιστικοί και επιστημονικοί μου στόχοι είναι η προστασία με βάση την κοινότητα, η διαπολιτισμική επικοινωνία, η συνηγορία, η εκπαίδευση και τα σύνορα.</p>
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<h3>Σχολιασμός στο άρθρο «Ανθρωπιστικά σύνορα – αρένα πολιτικού αγώνα»</h3>
<p>Η έννοια των ανθρωπιστικών συνόρων είναι μια πολύ ενδιαφέρουσα έννοια που μπορεί να υποστηρίξει την κριτική προσέγγιση των συνοριακών πολιτικών και πρακτικών. Παρά το γεγονός ότι κατά τη γνώμη μου, ο προσδιορισμός «ανθρωπιστικών» δίνει την έμφαση πρωτίστως στην ανθρωπιστική βοήθεια και δευτερευόντως στη διακυβέρνηση της μετανάστευσης, το ανθρωπιστικό σύνορο παραμένει χρήσιμος όρος επειδή συνδυάζει και τα δύο στοιχεία και μπορεί να οδηγήσει σε ολιστικές αναλύσεις όταν μιλάμε για τη μετανάστευση. Θεωρώ ωστόσο ότι η σχέση τους δεν είναι διαλεκτική. Η ανθρωπιστική βοήθεια δεν είναι ούτε το αντίθετο της διακυβέρνησης της μετανάστευσης ούτε το διαλεκτικό της αντίστοιχο. Η ανθρωπιστική βοήθεια δεν πραγματοποιείται σε πλαίσιο πολιτικής απουσίας. Η ανθρωπιστική βοήθεια σχετίζεται με τη διεθνή προστασία με τον ίδιο τρόπο που σχετίζεται με τη διακυβέρνηση της μετανάστευσης. Σε αυτό το κείμενο, θα προσπαθήσω να εξηγήσω περαιτέρω αυτό το επιχείρημα.</p>
<p>Οι οικονομικές και πολιτικές αποφάσεις σχετικά με την ανθρωπιστική βοήθεια αναπτύσσονται σε τοπικό, εθνικό και διεθνές επίπεδο, όπως και οι πολιτικές διαχείρισης της μετανάστευσης. Μέσα από την εμπειρία μου στην ανθρωπιστική ανταπόκριση στη Λέσβο από το 2015 έως το 2022, είδα τη δημιουργία και τις μεταμορφώσεις του hotspot της Μόριας, καθώς και τις σχέσεις εξουσίας μεταξύ των διαφόρων ανθρωπιστικών παραγόντων και του κράτους αλλά και μεταξύ τους.</p>
<p>Στην αρχή της ανθρωπιστικής επιχείρησης στη Λέσβο, διεθνείς οργανισμοί συνεργάζονταν χέρι-χέρι με τοπικές, εθνικές και διεθνείς ΜΚΟ και ανεξάρτητους εθελοντές. Σταδιακά, οι δραστηριότητες της ανεξάρτητης και κοινοτικά οργανωμένης ανθρωπιστικής βοήθειας περιορίστηκαν, οριοθετήθηκαν και ακόμη στοχοποιήθηκαν, δείχνοντας ότι ο χώρος όπου ασκείται η ανθρωπιστική βοήθεια δεν είναι ομοιογενής αλλά εξαιρετικά σύνθετος και πεδίο επιτέλεσης σχέσεων εξουσίας. Αυτές οι σχέσεις εξουσίας ασκούνται σε εθελοντές και ΜΚΟ αλλά κυρίως σε αιτούντες άσυλο. Είναι δυστυχώς ξεκάθαρο ότι σε αυτούς τους χώρους αμφισβητείται η ανθρώπινη αξιοπρέπεια σε όλα τα επίπεδα (πρόσβαση σε πληροφορίες, υπηρεσίες και δικαιώματα).</p>
<p>Οι πολιτικές διαπραγματεύσεις μεταξύ διεθνούς, εθνικού και τοπικού επιπέδου σχετικά με την εφαρμογή της ανθρωπιστικής βοήθειας στα ανθρωπιστικά σύνορα είναι πραγματικά πολύπλοκες και μοναδικές για κάθε περιοχή. Για παράδειγμα, η εξουσία της Ύπατης Αρμοστείας των Ηνωμένων Εθνών για τους Πρόσφυγες και η ικανότητά της για διαπραγματεύσεις με τις εθνικές αρχές είναι πολύ πιο αδύναμη στην ΕΕ από ό,τι εκτός ΕΕ. Επίσης, η απροθυμία των τοπικών αρχών και των τοπικών πληθυσμών να συνεργαστούν ή να εφαρμόσουν διεθνείς συμφωνίες (όπως η δημιουργία του νέου hotspot στη Λέσβο) μπορεί να θέσει σε κίνδυνο την εφαρμογή αυτών των αποφάσεων. Ταυτόχρονα, η στάση της τοπικής εξουσίας και των εθνικών κομμάτων σχετικά με τη διαχείριση της μετανάστευσης διαδραματίζει βασικό ρόλο στην πολιτική τους ατζέντα και επηρεάζει το εκλογικό αποτέλεσμα. Είναι τέλος αυτονόητο ότι ο ισχυρός λόγος για την επιτήρηση των συνόρων δίνει σε κοινωνικό επίπεδο το πράσινο φως στον εθνικισμό και τον ακροδεξιό εξτρεμισμό.</p>
<p>Παρά το γεγονός ότι πολλές έρευνες έχουν δείξει ότι όσο πιο αυστηρή γίνεται η επιτήρηση των συνόρων, τόσο αυξάνονται οι θάνατοι σε αυτά και παρά το γεγονός ότι τα κράτη δεν παρέχουν νόμιμες εναλλακτικές λύσεις στη μετανάστευση, τα κράτη της ΕΕ συνεχίζουν να υποστηρίζουν επιθετικούς μηχανισμούς ελέγχου των συνόρων. Υπάρχουν επίσης στοιχεία ότι η Frontex έχει συνεργαστεί με την ελληνική ακτοφυλακή για την εφαρμογή επαναπροωθήσεων που θα μπορούσαν να αποβούν μοιραίες. Ταυτόχρονα, οι υπεύθυνοι χάραξης πολιτικών της ΕΕ εκφράζονται δημόσια κατά αυτών των πρακτικών και υποστηρίζουν την ανθρωπιστική βοήθεια. Κατά συνέπεια, κατανοούμε ότι η αλληλεπίδραση μεταξύ της μεταναστευτικής διακυβέρνησης και της ανθρωπιστικής βοήθειας είναι πραγματικά πολύπλοκη και πολυεπίπεδη.</p>
<p>Αν θέλουμε να εμβαθύνουμε, μπορούμε να προσθέσουμε μια ακόμη αμφιθυμία σε αυτή τη σχέση. Συνήθως, τα ίδια κράτη που μπορούν να θεωρηθούν ως μέρος της αιτίας της σύγχρονης μετανάστευσης (μέσω της υποστήριξής τους σε ένοπλες ομάδες, δικτατορίες, οικονομική και πολιτική εξάρτηση άλλων κρατών), είναι τα ίδια που ανεξάρτητα ή μέσω της συμμετοχής τους σε διεθνείς οργανισμούς, βρίσκονται πίσω από τη διακυβέρνηση της ΕΕ για τη μετανάστευση και την ανθρωπιστική βοήθεια.</p>
<p>Ένα χαρακτηριστικό παράδειγμα του πώς η ανθρωπιστική βοήθεια ακολουθεί τη μεταναστευτική διακυβέρνηση είναι το ακόλουθο. Ο βιοπολιτικός μετασχηματισμός των προσφυγικών καταυλισμών σε hotspots και η αυξημένη εστίαση στη διοικητική κράτηση, δείχνει τον τρόπο με τον οποίο η κρατική, χρηματοδοτούμενη από την ΕΕ ανθρωπιστική βοήθεια ακολουθεί την πολιτική ατζέντα της διακυβέρνησης της μετανάστευσης. Επίσης, η αποτυχία μαζικών προγραμμάτων μετεγκατάστασης αποδεικνύει ότι τα κράτη της ΕΕ δεν έχουν καμία διάθεση να μοιραστούν την ευθύνη σχετικά με τη διεθνή προστασία των αιτούντων άσυλο. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, τα προγράμματα αυτά απευθύνονται σε συγκεκριμένους και περιορισμένους πληθυσμούς και εφαρμόζονται μόνο σε λίγες χώρες.</p>
<p>Ταυτόχρονα, το ίδιο το δικαίωμα στο άσυλο χάνει τον θεμελιώδη χαρακτήρα του. Γίνεται όλο και πιο σαφές ότι οι αιτούντες άσυλο ουσιαστικά δεν μοιράζονται τα ίδια δικαιώματα. Στην Ευρώπη αυτό άρχισε να φαίνεται με την περίπτωση των Σύριων, ενώ η περίπτωση των Ουκρανών δείχνει ξεκάθαρα ότι ο φόβος της δίωξης δεν είναι ο μόνος λόγος για να προστατευτεί κάποιος. Φαίνεται ότι η εθνικότητα παίζει τεράστιο ρόλο στο πώς θα εφαρμοστεί το δικαίωμα στο άσυλο. Δυστυχώς, οι Αφγανοί και οι Υεμένιοι δεν είχαν ή δεν θα έχουν την ίδια μεταχείριση με τους Ουκρανούς επειδή οι χώρες τους δεν έχουν δεχθεί επίθεση από τον εχθρό της Δύσης αλλά από την ίδια τη Δύση.</p>
<p>Τέλος, είναι σημαντικό να σημειωθεί ο τρόπος με τον οποίο τα ανθρωπιστικά σύνορα είναι φράκταλς που εμφανίζονται και πολλαπλασιάζονται εντός της ΕΕ. Το φαινόμενο της εμπορίας ανθρώπων στις μέρες μας δεν δείχνει μόνο την έλλειψη νόμιμων μεταναστευτικών οδών αλλά και τα διαφορετικά είδη συνόρων μεταξύ των ευρωπαϊκών κρατών. Οι εργαζόμενοι στον ανθρωπιστικό τομέα γνωρίζουν καλά περιπτώσεις αιτούντων άσυλο που έχουν υποβάλει αίτηση για διεθνή προστασία στην Ελλάδα και πριν ή ακόμα και μετά τη λήψη της απόφασής τους, συνεχίζουν το παράτυπο ταξίδι τους στη Γερμανία, τη Γαλλία ή τη Σουηδία ή άλλα κράτη πληρώνοντας ξανά για νέα πλαστά έγγραφα ή πληρώνοντας διακινητές.</p>
<p>NEFELI BAMI<br /> <a class="takaisin-ylos" style="float: right;" href="#kommentit">Takaisin ylös &uarr;</a> <br /></div></div></p>
<p> <a href="/kirjoita-versukseen/"><input class="kirjoita-versukseen" type="submit" value="Kirjoita Versukseen" /></a> </p>
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<div class="wp-block-query is-layout-flow wp-block-query-is-layout-flow"><ul class="columns-3 wp-block-post-template is-layout-grid wp-container-core-post-template-is-layout-2fc57c17 wp-block-post-template-is-layout-grid"><li class="wp-block-post post-13763 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-tiededebatti tag-lukio tag-nostot tag-nuoret tag-opiskelijat tag-ymparistokasvatus tag-ymparistokerho">
<figure class="wp-block-post-featured-image"><a href="http://www.versuslehti.fi/tiededebatti/nuorten-ymparistovastuullinen-kayttaytyminen/" target="_self"  ><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1500" height="844" src="http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Artikkelikuva_Huoponen.jpg" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="Nuorten ympäristövastuullinen käyttäytyminen: ympäristökerhojen mahdollisuudet ja rajat" style="object-fit:cover;" srcset="http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Artikkelikuva_Huoponen.jpg 1500w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Artikkelikuva_Huoponen-300x169.jpg 300w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Artikkelikuva_Huoponen-1024x576.jpg 1024w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Artikkelikuva_Huoponen-768x432.jpg 768w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Artikkelikuva_Huoponen-1260x709.jpg 1260w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Artikkelikuva_Huoponen-800x450.jpg 800w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Artikkelikuva_Huoponen-1226x690.jpg 1226w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px" /></a></figure>

<div class="wp-block-post-date"><time datetime="2026-03-05T10:01:05+02:00">5.3.2026</time></div>

<h2 class="lisa-artikkelit wp-block-post-title"><a href="http://www.versuslehti.fi/tiededebatti/nuorten-ymparistovastuullinen-kayttaytyminen/" target="_self" >Nuorten ympäristövastuullinen käyttäytyminen: ympäristökerhojen mahdollisuudet ja rajat</a></h2>
</li><li class="wp-block-post post-13318 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-english category-kriittinen-tila tag-citizen tag-remote-areas tag-sustainability-transformation">
<figure class="wp-block-post-featured-image"><a href="http://www.versuslehti.fi/kriittinen-tila/locals-tackling-the-challenges-of-peripheries/" target="_self"  ><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="5344" height="3008" src="http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Argumenta_Hiihtolatu.jpg" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="Locals tackling the challenges of peripheries" style="object-fit:cover;" srcset="http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Argumenta_Hiihtolatu.jpg 5344w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Argumenta_Hiihtolatu-300x169.jpg 300w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Argumenta_Hiihtolatu-1024x576.jpg 1024w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Argumenta_Hiihtolatu-768x432.jpg 768w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Argumenta_Hiihtolatu-1536x865.jpg 1536w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Argumenta_Hiihtolatu-2048x1153.jpg 2048w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Argumenta_Hiihtolatu-1260x709.jpg 1260w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Argumenta_Hiihtolatu-800x450.jpg 800w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Argumenta_Hiihtolatu-1226x690.jpg 1226w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 5344px) 100vw, 5344px" /></a></figure>

<div class="wp-block-post-date"><time datetime="2025-06-24T09:44:56+03:00">24.6.2025</time></div>

<h2 class="lisa-artikkelit wp-block-post-title"><a href="http://www.versuslehti.fi/kriittinen-tila/locals-tackling-the-challenges-of-peripheries/" target="_self" >Locals tackling the challenges of peripheries</a></h2>
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<div class="wp-block-post-date"><time datetime="2024-09-27T09:00:34+03:00">27.9.2024</time></div>

<h2 class="lisa-artikkelit wp-block-post-title"><a href="http://www.versuslehti.fi/tiededebatti/guld-och-grona-skogar-en-kritisk-blick-pa-berattelsen-om-norrlands-grona-omstallning/" target="_self" >Guld och gröna skogar? En kritisk blick på berättelsen om Norrlands gröna omställning</a></h2>
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</div>
<p>The post <a href="http://www.versuslehti.fi/tiededebatti/%ce%b1%ce%bd%ce%b8%cf%81%cf%89%cf%80%ce%b9%cf%83%cf%84%ce%b9%ce%ba%ce%ac-%cf%83%cf%8d%ce%bd%ce%bf%cf%81%ce%b1-%cf%80%ce%b5%ce%b4%ce%af%ce%bf-%ce%bc%ce%ac%cf%87%ce%b7%cf%82-%cf%80%ce%bf/">Ανθρωπιστικά σύνορα – πεδίο μάχης  πολιτικών αγώνων</a> appeared first on <a href="http://www.versuslehti.fi"></a>.</p>
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		<title>Il confine umanitario – uno spazio di lotta politica</title>
		<link>http://www.versuslehti.fi/tiededebatti/il-confine-umanitario-uno-spazio-di-lotta-politica/?utm_source=rss&#038;utm_medium=rss&#038;utm_campaign=il-confine-umanitario-uno-spazio-di-lotta-politica</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Anna Marjaana]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 10 Jun 2022 06:00:11 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Multilingual]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Tiededebatti]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[EU]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Human rights]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Migration]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Refugees]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.versuslehti.fi/?p=8779</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p><span class="span-reading-time rt-reading-time" style="display: block;"><span class="rt-label rt-prefix">Lukuaika:</span> <span class="rt-time"> 18</span> <span class="rt-label rt-postfix">min.</span></span>Il testo è parte di una serie di articoli multilingue sul tema dei confine umanitari. // Il dibattito pubblico sulle migrazioni è estremamente polarizzato. Il concetto di confine umanitario consente di far luce, almeno in parte, sulla complessità di un fenomeno in cui controllo delle frontiere, aiuto umanitario, e condizioni di estrema sofferenza appaiono spesso inseparabili e indistinguibili. </p>
<p>The post <a href="http://www.versuslehti.fi/tiededebatti/il-confine-umanitario-uno-spazio-di-lotta-politica/">Il confine umanitario – uno spazio di lotta politica</a> appeared first on <a href="http://www.versuslehti.fi"></a>.</p>
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										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<span class="span-reading-time rt-reading-time" style="display: block;"><span class="rt-label rt-prefix">Lukuaika:</span> <span class="rt-time"> 18</span> <span class="rt-label rt-postfix">min.</span></span><div class="four-columns-three"></p>
<p><div class="box blue-box"> Il testo è parte di una serie di articoli multilingue sul tema dei <a href="https://www.versuslehti.fi/teemat/humanitarian-border-arena-of-political-struggle-multilingual-article-series/">confine umanitari</a>. Si basa su ricerca scientifica peer-reviewed di recente pubblicazione, accessibile <a href="https://trepo.tuni.fi/handle/10024/117246">qui</a> e <a href="https://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Spathopoulou_Kallio_Hakli_2021_IPS_authors_copy.pdf">qui</a>.</div></p>
<p><span class="dropcap">I</span>l dibattito pubblico su richiedenti asilo e rifugiati è estremamente polarizzato. Coloro che si oppongono all’ immigrazione si concentrano su confini e sicurezza, mentre i sostenitori di prospettive umanitarie sottolineano il diritto dei rifugiati alla protezione internazionale. A partire dal 2015, anno in cui un elevato numero di persone è arrivato in Europa per chiedere asilo, il dibattito si è particolarmente intensificato.</p>
<p>Alla fine del 2021, le tensioni ai confini tra Bielorussia e UE (Polonia e Lituania) hanno di nuovo posto la questione della stretta securitaria – “securitizzazione” nel gergo di politologi e scienziati sociali – dei confini esterni dell’ Unione al centro dell’ agenda. Ma il problema non è nuovo: la gestione “hard” dei confini praticata da Polonia e Bielorussia era già stata osservata in precendenza sul confine greco-turco.</p>
<p>Nella percezione comune, aiuto umanitario e governo delle migrazioni sono spesso considerate come prospettive opposte. In realtá, ricerca e dati esistenti ci raccontano di due fenomeni strettamente intrecciati. A livello internazionale, le migrazioni di richiedenti asilo e rifugiati originano da condizioni di insicurezza e sofferenza. Le persone coinvolte cercano riparo da circostanze pericolose, spesso invivibili, nei paesi d’origine, nella speranza di costruirsi una vita più sicura nei paesi d’asilo.</p>
<p>Nell’ordine politico internazionale corrente, gli stati nazione hanno il diritto di regolare la mobilitá e il diritto di residenza nel proprio territorio. Il principio di sovranità conferisce loro il diritto di utilizzare strumenti quali i passaporti e i visti per distinguire tra mobilitá autorizzata – e talora agevolata, come nel caso di investitori internazionali e cosidetti “cervelli in fuga” – e mobilitá indesiderata, che è spesso quella che vede protagonisti i rifugiati.</p>
<p>Questi ultimi spesso si vedono negate vie d’accesso legali all’ UE. Queste due dimensioni politiche – sovranitá nazionale e migrazione dei rifugiati – sono legate a doppio filo dalla <a href="https://www.versuslehti.fi/tiededebatti/humanitarian-border-arena-of-political-struggle/">convenzione internazionale sui rifugiati</a>, nota anche come “convenzione di Ginevra”. La convezione, che nel 2021 ha celebrato il suo settantesimo anniversario, obbliga gli stati signatari a garantire il diritto delle persone di chiedere asilo.</p>
<h3>Il confine umanitario</h3>
<p>Gli scienziati sociali usano il concetto di <em>confine umanitario</em> in riferimento alla relazione tra i richiedenti asilo e gli stati. A livello internazionale, studiosi di diversi discipline – quali scienze politiche, geografia, antropologia e sociologia – hanno contribuito a sviluppare questo concetto. Il loro approccio è basato sulla ricerca empirica: lo studio di ciò che accade sul campo, nei luoghi in cui i richiedenti asilo si trovano di fronte ad apparati e strumenti per il controllo delle migrazioni.</p>
<p>Nell’ambito della geografia politica e sociale, le ricerche si concentrano sul tipo di relazioni spaziali a cui il confine umanitario dà origine. Secondo questa prospettiva, il confine umanitario non è soltanto uno strumento che separa lo spazio fisico, ma anche una serie di complesse relazioni – tra persone, instituzioni, movimenti politici e teconologie per il controllo delle frontiere – che si sviluppano attraverso l’incontro tra richiedenti asilo e governance delle migrazioni. Queste relazioni si articolano su diverse scale geografiche, e determinano l’organizzazione non solo di luoghi fisici, ma anche di spazi concreti e simbolici di lotta politica.</p>
<p><figure id="attachment_8633" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-8633" style="width: 900px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://www.versuslehti.fi/tiededebatti/humanitarian-border-arena-of-political-struggle/attachment/levi-meir-clancy-f1_b1evxmhq-unsplash/" rel="attachment wp-att-8633"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-large wp-image-8633" src="https://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/levi-meir-clancy-f1_b1EVxmhQ-unsplash-1024x683.jpg" alt="" width="900" height="600" srcset="http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/levi-meir-clancy-f1_b1EVxmhQ-unsplash-1024x683.jpg 1024w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/levi-meir-clancy-f1_b1EVxmhQ-unsplash-300x200.jpg 300w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/levi-meir-clancy-f1_b1EVxmhQ-unsplash-768x512.jpg 768w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/levi-meir-clancy-f1_b1EVxmhQ-unsplash-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/levi-meir-clancy-f1_b1EVxmhQ-unsplash-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/levi-meir-clancy-f1_b1EVxmhQ-unsplash-1035x690.jpg 1035w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-8633" class="wp-caption-text"><br />Il confine umanitario è uno spazio diffuso, spesso identificabile nei numerosi “campi profughi” temporanei, messi a punto in situazioni di emergenza. Foto: Levi Meir Clancy/Unsplash</figcaption></figure></p>
<h3>Vite al confine umanitario</h3>
<p>Il confine umanitario è uno spazio articolato e diffuso. Esso è osservabile, tra molti altri luoghi, nei numerosi campi profughi esistenti a livello globale. Ogni qualvolta si verifica una grave crisi politica o geopolitica, o un disastro cosiddetto “naturale”, dei campi vengono immediatamente creati in prossimità delle aree affette, o nei paesi confinanti. L’aiuto umanitario è quindi fornito da soggetti che hanno la capacità di agire velocemente nell’emergenza, siano esse organizzazioni internazionali o attori locali. Questi approntano alloggi di emergenza con materiali e prodotti disponibili, distribuiscono razioni di cibo, spesso all’aperto, e offrono rimedi per lo più precari alle difficili condizioni igienico-sanitarie.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Alcuni dei più vecchi campi di rifugiati al mondo risalgono al 1948. Da quell’anno, generazioni di palestinesi vivono in campi in paesi limitrofi quali Giordania, Libano, Siria e Israele.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Nei casi in cui la permanenza dei rifugiati nei campi si protrae, talora per decenni, si assiste spesso alla construzione di abitazioni e infrastrutture più stabili. Un mercato del lavoro semi-informale si sviluppa intorno ai campi, e i rifugiati possono avere accesso, sebbene limitato, a servizi sanitari e sociali di base. <a href="https://www.unhcr.org">L’Alto Commissariato delle Nazioni Unite per i Rifugiati </a>(ACNUR, o UNHCR nell’acronimo inglese), gli stati, le autorità locali e le organizzazioni non-governative spesso collaborano nella gestione dei campi, che possono talora essere divisi, spostati o evacuati, a seconda delle circostanze.</p>
<p>In questi luoghi, il confine umanitario diventa uno spazio “vissuto” – concreto, materiale, e talora duraturo nel tempo. Campi “urbanizzati”, cioè simili a città, di grandi dimensioni esistono oggi in paesi quali il Kenya, l’Uganda e la Giordania, tra gli altri. Anche in Asia orientale vi sono campi che ospitano decine di migliaia di persone: è il caso, per esempio, dei rifugiati Rohingya in Bangladesh. Alcuni dei più vecchi campi di rifugiati al mondo risalgono al 1948. Da quell’anno, generazioni di palestinesi vivono in campi in paesi limitrofi quali Giordania, Libano, Siria e Israele.</p>
<p><figure id="attachment_8553" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-8553" style="width: 800px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><a href="https://www.versuslehti.fi/tiededebatti/humanitaarinen-raja-poliittisen-kamppailun-areena/attachment/an_aerial_view_of_the_zaatri_refugee_camp/" rel="attachment wp-att-8553"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-8553" src="https://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/An_Aerial_View_of_the_Zaatri_Refugee_Camp.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="490" srcset="http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/An_Aerial_View_of_the_Zaatri_Refugee_Camp.jpg 800w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/An_Aerial_View_of_the_Zaatri_Refugee_Camp-300x184.jpg 300w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/An_Aerial_View_of_the_Zaatri_Refugee_Camp-768x470.jpg 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-8553" class="wp-caption-text">Veduta aerea del campo di Za’tari, in Giordania. Attivo dal 2012 con lo scopo di fornire alloggi di emergenza ai rifugiati siriani, il campo è oggi fortemente urbanizato, ed è per molti dei suoi abitanti un’area di residenza semi-permanete. Foto: Wikimedia Commons.</figcaption></figure></p>
<h3>Confini umanitari d’Europa?</h3>
<p>Nei paesi dell’ Unione Europea, i richiedenti asilo vengono collocati in diversi tipi di centri di accoglienza, identificazione e detenzione. Ci sono però anche rifugiati che vivono, come richiedenti asilo o migranti in condizione di irregolarità, in abitazioni private, o nei campi campi informali che emergono nelle città e nelle loro periferie.</p>
<p>Nel 2016, l’UE ha creato centri di identificazione di emergenza chiamati “hotspots”, in Grecia e in Italia. Questi centri sono presto diventati un caratteristica permanente delle politiche dell’ UE su migrazioni e asilo. Alcuni dei campi istituiti su isole greche nell’ambito di queste politiche, divenuti insostenibili a causa delle condizioni infrastrutturali e socio-sanitarie, vengono oggi sostituiti da <a href="https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/36851/greece-opens-two-new-migrant-holding-centers-on-greek-islands">nuovi centri di identificazione e detenzione altamente “securitizzati”</a>.</p>
<p>Pressochè ovunque nel mondo, i grandi centri urbani ospitano rifugiati. Per esempio, in Egitto oltre 250.000 richiedenti asilo regolarmente registrati presso l’ACNUR vivono in aree urbane – principalmente il Cairo ed Alessandria, nel nord del paese. A questi si aggiungono numerosi rifugiati che non hanno in alcun modo visto riconosciuto il loro stato. Spesso, l’ACNUR non è in grado né di assisterli, né di facilitare il loro ricollocamento in paesi più sicuri. Perció molte di queste persone ricorrono ad altri canali per potersi muovere, alcuni con lo scopo di chiedere asilo in un paese dell’ UE. Ció spesso comporta ricorrere ai servizi di “smuggler” e trafficanti.</p>
<p>Il confine umanitario è presente anche nelle aree di frontiera in cui i richiedenti asilo si trovano temporaneamente, sebbene a volte per periodi di tempo prolungato, in attesa di riprendere i loro movimenti. Alcune di queste persone cercano rifugio temporaneo in campi informali – come accade nell’area di Calais, nel nord della Francia – altre sono costantemente in movimento, tentando di attraversare frontiere. Tra queste ultime, poche hanno fortuna, mentre altre devono ricorrere a numerosissimi tentativi. Alcune, come tragicamente noto, muoiono durante viaggi che sono costretti ad effettuare con modalità pericolossissime.</p>
<p><figure id="attachment_8555" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-8555" style="width: 900px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><a href="https://www.versuslehti.fi/tiededebatti/humanitaarinen-raja-poliittisen-kamppailun-areena/attachment/radek-homola-ie80bguaexa-unsplash/" rel="attachment wp-att-8555"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-large wp-image-8555" src="https://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/radek-homola-iE80BguAEXA-unsplash-1024x678.jpg" alt="" width="900" height="596" srcset="http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/radek-homola-iE80BguAEXA-unsplash-1024x678.jpg 1024w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/radek-homola-iE80BguAEXA-unsplash-300x199.jpg 300w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/radek-homola-iE80BguAEXA-unsplash-768x509.jpg 768w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/radek-homola-iE80BguAEXA-unsplash-1536x1017.jpg 1536w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/radek-homola-iE80BguAEXA-unsplash-2048x1356.jpg 2048w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/radek-homola-iE80BguAEXA-unsplash-1042x690.jpg 1042w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-8555" class="wp-caption-text">Campi informali ormai abbandonati a Calais, Francia, nel 2018. Foto: Radek Homola/Unsplash</figcaption></figure></p>
<h3>La lotta per il diritto d’asilo</h3>
<p>Nella ricerca condotta nell’ambito delle scienze sociali, le dinamiche politiche che caratterizzano il confine umanitario possono essere tracciate attraverso l’analisi di documenti, media, o lo studio delle pratiche concrete di governance delle migrazioni. Si tratta di uno spazio politico costituito da lotte e conflitti intorno all’inclusione e all’esclusione. Il livello di attenzione pubblica e mediatica che queste lotte e conflitti ricevono puó avere l’effetto di diminuire o aumentare il loro peso politico.</p>
<p>Pratiche di confine inclusive permettono l’attualizzazione del diritto d’asilo. I rifugiati hanno il diritto di chiedere asilo nei paesi che hanno firmato la convenzione di Ginevra, mentre tali stati hanno il diritto di definire, nel rispetto del diritto internazionale, i criteri per il riconoscimento dello status di rifugiato e di altre forme di protezione. I paesi membri dell’ UE definiscono questi criteri sia indipendentemente, sia a livello dell’unione.</p>
<p>Di fatto, l’accesso all’asilo può variare molto. Spesso i paesi di orgine dei richiedenti asilo vengono problematicamente classificati come “sicuri”. Questo risulta in un alto tasso di richieste di asilo negate. Talora le persone che richiedono asilo hanno accesso a reti di suporto – famiglie, comunità, ONG. Nei casi in cui queste non sono presenti, difendere i propri diritti e avanzare richieste puó essere molto difficile.</p>
<p>Di solito, per chiedere asilo è necessario trovarsi all’interno del territorio del paese a cui si avanza la richiesta. Come abbiamo già visto, spesso l’ingresso è impossibile per vie regolari. Si tratta di una questione estremamente problematica. Ad esempio, i nuovi centri di identificazione istituiti sulle isole greche sono stati definiti come delle di fatto prigioni, dal momento che il loro scopo è quello di contenere – o addirittura detenere – più efficacemente le persone.</p>
<p>L’obiettivo principale della nuova politica migratoria dell’ UE, <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/priorities-2019-2024/promoting-our-european-way-life/new-pact-migration-and-asylum_en">il nuovo patto su immigrazione e asilo</a>, è processare le richieste di asilo in modo più rapido ed efficiente. All’atto pratico, questo si traduce nel respingimento di un numero crescente di rifugiati direttamente al confine. Questa politica restringe notevolmente lo spazio del confine umanitario.</p>
<h3>Ai limiti dell’illegalità?</h3>
<p>Le pratiche di confine escludenti, come quelle descritte sopra, riguardano la governance della sovranità territoriale. Come già detto, nell’ordine internazionale attuale gli stati hanno il diritto di determinare le condizioni che regolano l’ingresso e la permanenza nel loro territorio. Il diritto degli stati di esercitare la propria sovranità, però, è limitato dai trattati internazionali che garantiscono il diritto delle persone alla mobilità e a vedere i loro diritti umani rispettati.</p>
<p>Ad esempio, firmando la convenzione di Ginevra sui rifugiati, gli stati accettano che le persone che chiedono asilo siano ammesse sul loro territorio e godano di diritti almeno per il tempo necessario all’esame delle loro domande. Ne deriva che i richiedenti asilo non possono essere considerati come migranti in condizioni di irregolarità.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Il confine umanitario è uno spazio di molteplici contraddizioni, a volte paradossale. È presente ai confini esterni dell’ Unione Europea e degli stati, ma anche ogni qualvolta, e in qualsiasi luogo, i diritti dei richiedenti asilo vengono esaminati, riconosciuti o negati.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Eppure, in molti dei confine dell’ UE, paesi membri compiono spesso quelli che vengono definiti pushback, cioè respingimenti alla frontiera e altre misure coercitive che impediscono ai richiedenti asilo di accedere al territorio nazionale. Si tratta di pratiche di dubbia legalità, spesso in aperto contrasto con i trattati internazionali. Attraverso i <a href="https://pushbackmap.org">pushback</a>, che gli stati giustificano con la necessitá di controllare la cosiddetta “immigrazione illegale”, lo spazio del confine umanitario viene notevolmente ristretto.</p>
<p>Allo stesso tempo, molte organizzazioni non governative o della società civile, così come gruppi di attivisti sul campo, cercano di allargare lo spazio di lotta politica in questi contesti. Lo fanno rendendo visibile l’illegalità delle pratiche degli stati. La capacità dei richiedenti asilo di organizzarsi e protestare per i loro diritti è limitata. Ciò nonostante, vi sono proteste condotte dagli stessi rifugiati. Queste persone si confrontano con il sistema di governance delle migrazioni da una posizione di vulnerabilità, con conseguenze dirette sui loro stessi corpi. Per loro, il confine umanitario non è un concetto astratto, ma uno spazio che vivono ogni giorno.</p>
<p><figure id="attachment_8556" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-8556" style="width: 900px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><a href="https://www.versuslehti.fi/tiededebatti/humanitaarinen-raja-poliittisen-kamppailun-areena/attachment/ferry-pirareus/" rel="attachment wp-att-8556"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-large wp-image-8556" src="https://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Ferry-Pirareus-1024x641.jpg" alt="" width="900" height="563" srcset="http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Ferry-Pirareus-1024x641.jpg 1024w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Ferry-Pirareus-300x188.jpg 300w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Ferry-Pirareus-768x481.jpg 768w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Ferry-Pirareus.jpg 1050w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-8556" class="wp-caption-text">Il porto del Pireo, ad Atene, Grecia, è uno degli hub europei della mobilità dei migranti, specialmente dal 2015. Persone in fuga da Siria, Afghanistan, Iraq e numerosi altri paesi arrivano al porto come loro primo approdo in Europa Occidentale. Nella foto, un traghetto attracca al Pireo nel 2016. Foto: Aila Spathopoulou</figcaption></figure></p>
<h3>Uno spazio di contraddizioni</h3>
<p>Il confine umanitario è uno spazio di molteplici contraddizioni, a volte paradossale. È presente ai confini esterni dell’ Unione Europea e degli stati, ma anche ogni qualvolta, e in qualsiasi luogo, i diritti dei richiedenti asilo vengono esaminati, riconosciuti o negati. Nella società digitale contemporanea i confini possono essere chiusi repentinamente ogni volta che una persona cerca di accedere a servizi pubblici o privati attraverso forme di identificazione digitale (a tal proposito, sarà interessante vedere quali effetti avrà su rifugiati e richiedenti asilo la diffusione sempre p estesa di strumenti quali <a href="https://www.spid.gov.it/en/">il sistema pubblico di identità digitale – SPID</a>.</p>
<p>Il confine è esso stesso uno spazio in movimento. Il sistema degli hotspot è stato importato in Europa dall’area del Pacifico australiano. Gli Stati Uniti lo stanno introducendo al confine con il Messico. I confini fortificati così si espandono e si solidificano, mentre gli spazi per il diritto di asilo e la protezione dei rifugiati si restringono, e si indeboliscono.</p>
<p>Il confine umanitario è tradizionalmente la combinazione di due elementi in apparente contrasto: il controllo delle frontiere e l’aiuto umanitario. Nell’UE, i richiedenti asilo, di diverse origini, ricevono talora aiuto immediato e urgente. Sul lungo periodo, tuttavia, pochi vedono il loro diritto all’asilo riconosciuto. L’enfasi crescente sulle pratiche di controllo dei confini, a discapito della dimensione umanitaria, implica che oggi persino il soccorso e l’aiuto urgente siano spesso negati. Ai confine tra Polonia e Bielorussia, così come a quelli tra Grecia e Turchia, le persone vengono semplicemente respinte.</p>
<p>Lo spazio contraddittorio e paradossale del confine umanitario è uno spazio di lotta politica. Le politiche di asilo europee sono permeate da tensioni tra interessi nazionali e responsabilità internazionale, sicurezza delle frontiere e drammi umani, sovranità degli stati e diritti umani. Lo studio di queste complesse relazioni e tensioni è essenziale per la comprensione del fenomeno, e per la ricerca di soluzioni sostenibili.</p>
<p>KIRSIPAULIINA KALLIO, JOUNI HÄKLI, ELISA PASCUCCI &amp; AILA SPATHOPOLOU</p>
<p>TRADOTTO DA: ELISA PASCUCCI<br />FOTO: EMAD ZYUOD/FLICKR</p>
<p><div class="box green-box"><br /><strong>Bibliografia</strong></p>
<p>Kallio, K.P., Häkli, J. &amp; Pascucci, E. (2019). Refugeeness as political subjectivity: Experiencing the humanitarian border. Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space, 37:7, 1258–1276.</p>
<p>Spathopoulou, A., Kallio, K. P. &amp; Häkli, J. (2021). Outsourcing Hotspot governance within the EU: cultural mediators as humanitarian–border workers in Greece. International Political Sociology, 15:3, 359–377.</p>
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<div class="four-columns-one last"></p>
<p><a href="https://www.versuslehti.fi/tiededebatti/humanitaarinen-raja-poliittisen-kamppailun-areena/attachment/kirsipauliina-kallio_kasvokuva/" rel="attachment wp-att-8545"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-8545" src="https://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Kirsipauliina-Kallio_kasvokuva-e1648665189428-150x150.jpg" alt="" width="150" height="150" srcset="http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Kirsipauliina-Kallio_kasvokuva-e1648665189428-150x150.jpg 150w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Kirsipauliina-Kallio_kasvokuva-e1648665189428-300x300.jpg 300w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Kirsipauliina-Kallio_kasvokuva-e1648665189428-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Kirsipauliina-Kallio_kasvokuva-e1648665189428-768x768.jpg 768w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Kirsipauliina-Kallio_kasvokuva-e1648665189428-690x690.jpg 690w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Kirsipauliina-Kallio_kasvokuva-e1648665189428.jpg 1529w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></a></p>
<p class="uppercase">Kirsipauliina Kallio</p>
<p>Kirsi Pauliina Kallio è Professoressa di Pedagogia dell’ ambiente all’ Università di Tampere. Nella sua ricerca sui confini umanitari, di stampo critico, si interessa in particolare della governance delle migrazioni forzate nello spazio UE e dei processi di asilo nei paesi europei cosi come emergono nell’esperienza delle persone che richiedono protezione.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.versuslehti.fi/tiededebatti/humanitaarinen-raja-poliittisen-kamppailun-areena/attachment/jouni-hakli-photo/" rel="attachment wp-att-8546"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-8546" src="https://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Jouni-Hakli-photo-e1648665409383-150x150.jpg" alt="" width="150" height="150"></a></p>
<p class="uppercase">Jouni Häkli</p>
<p>Jouni Häkli è Professore di Studi Regionali all’ Università di Tampere, Finlandia. I suoi interessi di ricerca recenti riguardano la condizione dei rifugiati e le geografie dell’incontro tra le persone richiedenti asilo e gli apparati di management delle migrazioni.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.versuslehti.fi/tiededebatti/humanitarian-border-arena-of-political-struggle/attachment/thumbnail_elisa_pic/" rel="attachment wp-att-8637"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="aligncenter size-thumbnail wp-image-8637" src="https://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/thumbnail_Elisa_pic-150x150.jpg" alt="" width="150" height="150"></a></p>
<p class="uppercase">Elisa Pascucci</p>
<p>Elisa Pascucci è ricercatrice presso l’ Università di Helsinki. Si occupa attualmente di geografie dell’aiuto umanitario, con particolare attenzione al ruolo delle infrastrutture e della logistica. Il suo nuovo progetto di ricerca presso la Facolà di Business e Management e lo Space and Political Agency Research Group (SPARG), Universita di Tampere, finanziato dalla Fondazione Kone, esamina criticamente alcuni dei più comuni strumenti amministrativi e finanziari usati da governi e organizzazioni non governative nell’aiuto allo sviluppo e ai rifugiati.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.versuslehti.fi/tiededebatti/humanitarian-border-arena-of-political-struggle/attachment/aila-spathalou/" rel="attachment wp-att-8772"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="aligncenter size-thumbnail wp-image-8772" src="https://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Aila-Spathalou-e1654037959939-150x150.jpg" alt="" width="150" height="150" srcset="http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Aila-Spathalou-e1654037959939-150x150.jpg 150w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Aila-Spathalou-e1654037959939-300x300.jpg 300w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Aila-Spathalou-e1654037959939-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Aila-Spathalou-e1654037959939-768x768.jpg 768w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Aila-Spathalou-e1654037959939-1536x1536.jpg 1536w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Aila-Spathalou-e1654037959939-2048x2048.jpg 2048w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Aila-Spathalou-e1654037959939-690x690.jpg 690w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></a></p>
<p class="uppercase">Aila Spathopoulou</p>
<p>Alia Spathopoulou è ricercatrice postdottorato presso il Dipartimento di Geografia dell’ Università di Durham, Regno Unito. È coordinatrice dell’ Area di Ricerca: Mobilità: Migrazioni e Confini del Centro di Ricerca Autonomo Femminista di Atene. Aila è dottoressa di ricerca (PhD) in geografia umana, con una tesi che esamina i processi di governamentalità di confine nel sistema degli hotspot in Grecia.</p>
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<p><div class="box green-box"><a href="#kommentti-1"><strong>Maria Chiara De Luca</strong>: Il confine umanitario e la direttiva UE 55 sulla protezione temporanea</a></div><br /><div class="box green-box"><a href="#kommentti-2"><strong>Oiza Queens Day Obasuyi</strong>: Razzismo sistemico e negazione del diritto alla libertà di movimento </a></div></p>
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<p><span id="kommentti-1" class="anchor"></span><div class="box blue-box"><div class="three-columns-one"><br /><a href="https://www.versuslehti.fi/tiededebatti/il-confine-umanitario-uno-spazio-di-lotta-politica/attachment/image4/" rel="attachment wp-att-8796"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="aligncenter size-thumbnail wp-image-8796" src="https://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/image4-e1655142526448-150x150.jpeg" alt="" width="150" height="150" srcset="http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/image4-e1655142526448-150x150.jpeg 150w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/image4-e1655142526448-300x300.jpeg 300w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/image4-e1655142526448.jpeg 463w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></a></p>
<p class="uppercase">Maria Chiara De Luca</p>
<p>Maria Chiara De Luca è stata operatrice sociale al Centro di Prima Accoglienza Msna “Amal” di Messina. Sta attualmente completando la sua tesi nell’ambito del master “Mi-Di” in Migrazioni, diritti e integrazione, Facoltà di Giurisprudenza, Universitá di Palermo.</p>
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<h3>Il confine umanitario e la direttiva UE 55 sulla protezione temporanea</h3>
<p>Il primo approdo del migrante alle porte dell’Europa si configura come uno spazio dove interessi differenti, sicurezza e accoglienza, entrano in gioco e si intrecciano dando luogo a non poche contraddizioni e criticità nella gestione dei flussi migratori.</p>
<p>Come ben sappiamo le migrazioni non sono certo un fenomeno nuovo, ma la loro disciplina avviene sempre in maniera emergenziale e temporanea, guardando sempre a soluzioni di lungo periodo e volte all’integrazione come ultima ratio.</p>
<p>Le soluzioni prospettate hanno spesso alla base la convinzione che il migrante o colui che richiede protezione debba, prima o poi, tornare nel paese d’origine e che ad ogni modo, nel lungo periodo, non debba rappresentare un carico, bensì essere una risorsa e un elemento utile per la crescita economica del paese ospitante.</p>
<p>Il nuovo patto Eu per l’immigrazione e asilo afferma di voler rafforzare la capacità dell’Europa di proteggere le proprie frontiere, accogliere tutti coloro che hanno il diritto di entrare secondo i criteri già stabiliti nel sistema Dublino e di promuovere un trattamento dei cittadini dei paesi terzi che sia in linea con i valori e i principi fondanti dell’Unione, quali la libertà, il rispetto della dignità umana, dell’uguaglianza e dello stato di diritto.</p>
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<p>La pandemia globale degli ultimi due anni e il conflitto appena scoppiato tra Ucraina e Russia ci obbligano a ripensare alle strategie e alle modalità di apertura, gestione e chiusura dei confini.</p>
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<p>Tuttavia tale atteggiamento si traduce nella pratica in un sistema dove, nonostante gli sforzi dei numerosi attori in gioco, si prediligono e si rafforzano le procedure di verifica, affinché non possa venire eluso in alcun modo il rigido sistema di controllo alla frontiera, e si potenziano i meccanismi di espulsione e rimpatrio, a spese di tutto l’impianto normativo e solidaristico di protezione dei diritti umani volto all’analisi dettagliata della situazione individuale, al fine di valutare il rischio di ciascun richiedente protezione. Il volto del confine diviene così un Giano bifronte dove approccio securitario e umanitario si mescolano ma in cui la protezione del territorio e la chiara catalogazione del richiedente prevalgono.</p>
<p>La pandemia globale degli ultimi due anni e il conflitto appena scoppiato tra Ucraina e Russia ci obbligano a ripensare alle strategie e alle modalità di apertura, gestione e chiusura dei confini. I confini sono sempre l’esito di equilibri di potenza temporanei (Spykman) e lo spazio dove siamo immersi non è mai un elemento politicamente neutro.</p>
<p>Strumento utile per far fronte a tali tipo di emergenze risiede nella direttiva 2001/55/CE, relativa alle norme minime per la concessione della protezione temporanea in caso di afflusso massiccio di sfollati e sulla promozione dell’equilibrio degli sforzi tra gli stati membri che ricevono sfollati e subiscono le conseguenze dell’accoglienza degli stessi. Si tratta di una procedura di carattere eccezionale che concede una protezione temporanea di un anno, prorogabile per un massimo di due anni su decisione del Consiglio.</p>
<p>L’idea della direttiva nasce negli anni ’90 quando i conflitti nell’ ex Jugoslavia e in Kosovo dimostrarono la necessità di realizzare procedure speciali per fronteggiare il massiccio afflusso di sfollati dalle zone di guerra ed è stata concepita con lungimiranza per promuovere un equilibrio degli sforzi per gestire congiuntamente, a livello europeo, gli spostamenti massicci di persone. Tale direttiva però durante questi 21 anni non ha mai trovato applicazione e avrebbe potuto rivelarsi utile in situazioni come la crisi siriana o la situazione in Afghanistan.</p>
<p>Nonostante numerosi studiosi e associazioni abbiano invocato il suo utilizzo, la procedura è rimasta inutilizzata e ritenuta una normativa da dover abrogare con il pacchetto di riforme recentemente presentato in materia di asilo dalla Commissione europea in carica. Tale atteggiamento si deve alle posizioni di chiusura estreme all’interno dell’Unione che si sono susseguite nel tempo, come il blocco di Visegrad, e agli anni cupi fatti di respingimenti e di esternalizzazione dei confini.</p>
<p>Il 3 marzo 2022 il Consiglio ha dato attivazione alle procedure della suddetta direttiva con il duplice scopo di garantire la tutela di coloro che sono in fuga dalla guerra, e di evitare che l’enorme numero di persone in fuga dal conflitto sia inutilmente sottoposto ad un esame individuale, paralizzando di fatto la macchina amministrativa e le sue relative procedure. Questa protezione permette che i profughi possano godere di numerosi diritti, trai quali poter esercitare un’attività di lavoro subordinato, ottenere un alloggio adeguato e se sprovvisti di risorse sufficienti, di poter ricevere l’aiuto necessario in termini di assistenza sociale, contributi al sostentamento e cure mediche. Inoltre, sono presenti particolari disposizioni per i minori non accompagnati e per i soggetti ritenuti vulnerabili.</p>
<p>Si prevede che gli Stati accolgano con spirito di solidarietà e indichino la loro capacità di accoglienza in termini numerici e generali, che vi sia una equa ripartizione delle responsabilità nella gestione dei rifugiati, con una cooperazione attiva e concreta, che in passato è sempre stata carente anche se notevolmente richiesta soprattutto dagli stati frontalieri. Tuttavia, le modalità con cui dare attuazione alla direttiva rimangono generiche, lente, complicate e onerose per gli Stati, ragioni per le quali nel tempo non ha trovato applicazione.</p>
<p>I punti deboli della direttiva 55/2001, risiedono nella discrezionalità della Commissione (art.5), che dopo aver ricevuto richiesta da uno o più Stati membri e svolte le dovute analisi, può decidere se sottoporre l’istanza al Consiglio per iniziare l’iter di approvazione o se rigettare la proposta. Inoltre, la decisione in seno al Consiglio richiede una maggioranza qualificata degli Stati membri, che in materia di immigrazione e asilo sono spesso restii a raggiungere un accordo politico, proprio in virtù del meccanismo di solidarietà (art.25) che risulta sempre poco attrattivo dal punto di vista degli Stati, poiché li obbliga materialmente a raggiungere livelli di accoglienza e protezione di cui spesso sono sprovvisti, oltre che economicamente nella gestione pratica dei beneficiari di protezione temporanea che verranno ridistribuiti all’interno del loro territorio.</p>
<p>MARIA CHIARA DE LUCA<br /> <a class="takaisin-ylos" style="float: right;" href="#kommentit">Takaisin ylös &uarr;</a> <br /></div></div></p>
<p><span id="kommentti-2" class="anchor"></span><div class="box blue-box"><div class="three-columns-one"><br /><a href="https://www.versuslehti.fi/tiededebatti/il-confine-umanitario-uno-spazio-di-lotta-politica/attachment/thumbnail_img_4937/" rel="attachment wp-att-8798"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="aligncenter size-thumbnail wp-image-8798" src="https://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/thumbnail_IMG_4937-e1655142835915-150x150.jpg" alt="" width="150" height="150" srcset="http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/thumbnail_IMG_4937-e1655142835915-150x150.jpg 150w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/thumbnail_IMG_4937-e1655142835915-300x300.jpg 300w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/thumbnail_IMG_4937-e1655142835915.jpg 506w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></a></p>
<p class="uppercase">Oiza Queens Day Obasuyi</p>
<p>Oiza Queens Day Obasuyi ha ottenuto la laurea magistrale in International Relations all’Università di Macerata. Autrice del libro “Corpi Estranei” (People, 2020), i suoi articoli sono apparsi su testate come The Vision e Internazionale in cui si è occupata principalmente di diritti umani, migrazioni e decostruzione del razzismo sistemico. Attualmente lavora come junior researcher e program assistant presso la CILD (Coalizione Italiana LIbertà e Diritti Civili) dove è creatrice di contenuti per il progetto Open Migration e svolge attività di ricerca e supporto a progetti nelle aree: immigrazione, asilo, cittadinanza, anti-discriminazione e inclusione.</p>
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<h3>Razzismo sistemico e negazione del diritto alla libertà di movimento</h3>
<p>Il diritto alla libertà di movimento è sancito dalla <a href="https://www.senato.it/application/xmanager/projects/leg18/file/DICHIARAZIONE_diritti_umani_4lingue.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Dichiarazione universale dei Diritti Umani</a>. Tuttavia, gli Stati hanno una serie di poteri discrezionali in merito alla gestione delle politiche di immigrazione e di asilo che portano alla creazione di regole che, di fatto, discriminano coloro che si vedono negato tale diritto.</p>
<p>Prendendo l’esempio dell’Unione Europea (Ue), risulta ormai evidente che l’approccio che gli Stati Membri adottano nei confronti di coloro che attraversano le frontiere sia basato sul securitarismo: la creazione di muri sui confini; la riduzione dei canali di ingresso sicuri per lo spostamento di persone provenienti da Paesi terzi; l’adozione di metodi coercitivi − come la detenzione amministrativa o l’utilizzo dell’<a href="https://www.statewatch.org/media/3285/sw-a-clear-and-present-danger-ai-act-migration-11-5-22.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">intelligenza artificiale</a> − il rimpatrio di persone migranti, il respingimento sistematico di queste ultime, in violazione degli obblighi internazionali in materia di diritti umani − che, a differenza della Dichiarazione sopra menzionata, sono vincolanti.</p>
<p>Tenendo in considerazione tutti questi elementi, è possibile parlare quindi di un’apartheid della mobilità internazionale, che separa coloro che hanno passaporti di serie A − si pensi a coloro che hanno documenti dei Paesi dell’Ue o degli Stati Uniti − e coloro che hanno passaporti di serie B. Non è casuale il fatto che le persone rientranti in quest’ultima categoria siano quelle che provengono prevalentemente dal sud del mondo: il respingimento, infatti, non avviene solamente al confine di un Paese dell’Ue ma anche nell’ambasciata di un Paese membro che si rifiuta per l’ennesima volta di concedere il visto a una persona proveniente da un Paese terzo, per via di regole<a href="https://www.foundationmaxvanderstoel.nl/uploads/publicaties/feps_fms_migration_def_web.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> sempre più stringenti e discriminatorie</a>.</p>
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<p>Alle frontiere dell’Ucraina, su cui si sono riversate migliaia di persone per via della guerra, sono stati denunciati diversi episodi di razzismo subito da cittadini e cittadine – perlopiù studenti e stidentesse universitarie – africani e asiatici.</p>
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<p>Queste disuguaglianze sono ben dimostrate dai dati raccolti dal <a href="https://www.passportindex.org/byRank.php" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Passport Index</a>, una piattaforma in cui vengono categorizzati i passaporti in base alla loro potenza di viaggio. Chi detiene un passaporto francese o italiano, si sposta con molta più facilità − senza dover affrontare la burocrazia relativa alle poltiche di visto – rispetto a chi detiene un passaporto somalo, sudanese o pakistano.</p>
<p>Siamo quindi di fronte a una “Fortezza-Europa” i cui stati membri non solo continuano ad alzare muri e a esternalizzare le proprie frontiere – dal Memorandum d’Intesa tra Italia e Libia, con conseguente <a href="https://www.hrw.org/it/report/2019/01/21/326624" target="_blank" rel="noopener">violazione dei diritti umani</a> nei confronti delle persone sistematicamente trattenute nei centri di detenzione del Paese nordafricano, alla Danimarca che decide di esternalizzare perfino le richieste di asilo, <a href="https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/37897/denmark-defends-its-asylum-policy-as-fairer-and-more-human" target="_blank" rel="noopener">scaricando la responsabilità </a>su un Paese terzo – trattando la mobilità umana, ovviamente se di un certo tipo e se proviene da determinati Paesi, come “crisi”, “problema” o “emergenza” costanti. Ma recentemente è stato reso ancor più evidente come il razzismo sistemico che si basa sulla linea del colore della pelle sia alla base di questo tipo di trattamento discriminatorio.</p>
<p>Alle frontiere dell’Ucraina, su cui si sono riversate migliaia di persone per via della guerra, sono stati denunciati diversi <a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/ukraine-refugees-racism-russia-invasion-b2024175.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">episodi di razzismo </a>subito da cittadini e cittadine – perlopiù studenti e stidentesse universitarie – africani e asiatici. Infatti, pur condividendo la medesima condizione di massima vulnerabilità, alle persone non bianche è stato spesso impedito di essere tutelate, in taluni casi perfino di attraversare la frontiera, con tanto di <a href="https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20220228-pushed-back-because-we-re-black-africans-stranded-at-ukraine-poland-border" target="_blank" rel="noopener">respingimenti violenti</a>.</p>
<p>Ci sono diverse video-testimonianze in cui viene ripreso l’atteggiamento violento e discriminatorio delle autorità ucraine nei vari valichi di frontiera. In uno di questi, per esempio, come ha riportato Lighthouse Reports, a una donna nera <a href="https://twitter.com/LHreports/status/1498333865148133386" target="_blank" rel="noopener">viene impedito di salire sul treno</a>. Inoltre, l’Equinox: Initiative for Racial Justice, una coalizione che si occupa di antidiscriminazione a livello europeo, ha riportato una carrellata di abusi: dal fatto che persone dell’Asia del Sud e del continente africano venivano messe automaticamente <a href="https://twitter.com/Equinoxrji/status/1498235660305682434" target="_blank" rel="noopener">in fondo alla fila</a> per poter attraversare la frontiera, e quindi mettersi in salvo.</p>
<p>Tutte queste denunce sui maltrattamenti sono arrivate anche le Nazioni Unite che <a href="https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/eye-on-africa/20220303-discrimination-at-the-border" target="_blank" rel="noopener">hanno condannato</a> le discriminazioni alle frontiere. Tuttavia, è necessario non solo tenere in considerazione la gravità di quanto avvenuto ma anche tenere presente il quadro generale: le distinzioni nette tra rifugiati “meritevoli di protezione” – preferibilmente <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/mar/02/civilised-european-look-like-us-racist-coverage-ukraine" target="_blank" rel="noopener">bianchi, europei, e “civilizzati</a>” – e quelli “meno meritevoli” sono state fatte dagli stati membri dell’Ue con l’ultimo provvedimento adottato per la tutela delle persone provenienti dall’Ucraina.</p>
<p>Basti pensare al fatto che la protezione temporanea (<a href="https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/policies/migration-and-asylum/common-european-asylum-system/temporary-protection_en" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Direttiva 55/2001</a>), per l’appunto, viene concessa automaticamente ai soli cittadini ucraini e ai loro familiari. Mentre per le persone straniere residenti in Ucraina – specialmente coloro che possiedono un permesso di soggiorno di breve periodo – prevale la discrezionalità degli stati membri sul concedere o meno una forma di protezione. “La formulazione finale”, <a href="https://www.redattoresociale.it/article/notiziario/ucraina_via_libera_alla_protezione_temporanea_per_chi_fugge_ecco_cosa_prevede" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ha affermato </a>Gianfranco Schiavone, esperto in diritto di asilo di Asgi (Associazione per gli Studi Giuridici sull’Immigrazione), “è un compromesso che accoglie in parte la proposta della Commissione. Rimangono dubbi sull’applicazione discrezionale degli Stati. I criteri delle normative nazionali non possono essere più sfavorevoli di quelli accordati dalla direttiva”.</p>
<p>Eppure ci troviamo di fronte a un provvedimento, che è stato definito come “storico”, vista la celerità nel raggiungere un accordo supportato da tutti gli stati membri dell’Unione, ma che è al contempo un compromesso al ribasso per quelle persone che, di nuovo, rimangono escluse dal <a href="https://www.repubblica.it/cronaca/2022/05/11/news/il_sogno_infranto_di_taofik_io_medico_fuggito_dalla_guerra_in_ucraina_ma_litalia_mi_considera_un_clandestino-349067500/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">pieno esercizio dei propri diritti</a> – anche in tempo di guerra.</p>
<p>È possibile constatare, infine, che il confine non è altro che la massima espressione di un conservatorismo nazionalistico, la cui brutalità viene spesso celata con la costruzione di campi profughi o centri di detenzione resi più <a href="https://theconversation.com/inside-new-refugee-camp-like-a-prison-greece-and-other-countries-prioritize-surveillance-over-human-rights-168354" target="_blank" rel="noopener">“umani” o “moderni”</a> – nonostante le persone siano comunque costrette a rimanervi. Il diritto alla libertà di movimento può essere garantito solo con una seria attuazione della protezione dei diritti umani di chi attraversa le frontiere e con un modo radicalmente innovativo di concepire la mobilità umana, che non dovrebbe essere un privilegio per pochi.</p>
<p>OIZA QUEENS DAY OBASUYI<br /> <a class="takaisin-ylos" style="float: right;" href="#kommentit">Takaisin ylös &uarr;</a> <br /></div></div></p>
<p> <a href="/kirjoita-versukseen/"><input class="kirjoita-versukseen" type="submit" value="Kirjoita Versukseen" /></a> <a class="takaisin-ylos" style="float: right;" href="#kommentit">Takaisin ylös ↑</a></p>


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<div class="wp-block-post-date"><time datetime="2026-02-09T06:00:04+02:00">9.2.2026</time></div>

<h2 class="wp-block-post-title">Kestävä ympäristöpäätöksenteko edellyttää moninaista tietoa</h2>
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<figure class="wp-block-post-featured-image"><a href="http://www.versuslehti.fi/tiededebatti/hydrososiaalinen-hoiva-toiveikkuutta-kriisien-ajassa/" target="_self"  ><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="3024" height="2016" src="http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Versus_Artikkelikuva.jpg" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="Hydrososiaalinen hoiva – toiveikkuutta kriisien ajassa?" style="object-fit:cover;" srcset="http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Versus_Artikkelikuva.jpg 3024w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Versus_Artikkelikuva-300x200.jpg 300w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Versus_Artikkelikuva-1024x683.jpg 1024w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Versus_Artikkelikuva-768x512.jpg 768w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Versus_Artikkelikuva-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Versus_Artikkelikuva-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Versus_Artikkelikuva-1035x690.jpg 1035w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 3024px) 100vw, 3024px" /></a></figure>

<div class="wp-block-post-date"><time datetime="2025-08-14T12:58:25+03:00">14.8.2025</time></div>

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<div class="wp-block-post-date"><time datetime="2023-09-22T09:00:00+03:00">22.9.2023</time></div>

<h2 class="wp-block-post-title">Missä on kaupunkiviljelyn koti? </h2>
</li></ul>

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<p></div>
<p>The post <a href="http://www.versuslehti.fi/tiededebatti/il-confine-umanitario-uno-spazio-di-lotta-politica/">Il confine umanitario – uno spazio di lotta politica</a> appeared first on <a href="http://www.versuslehti.fi"></a>.</p>
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		<title>Humanitarian border – arena of political struggle</title>
		<link>http://www.versuslehti.fi/tiededebatti/humanitarian-border-arena-of-political-struggle/?utm_source=rss&#038;utm_medium=rss&#038;utm_campaign=humanitarian-border-arena-of-political-struggle</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Anna Marjaana]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 11 May 2022 18:44:06 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[English]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Tiededebatti]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[EU]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Human rights]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Migration]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Politics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Refugees]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.versuslehti.fi/?p=8631</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p><span class="span-reading-time rt-reading-time" style="display: block;"><span class="rt-label rt-prefix">Lukuaika:</span> <span class="rt-time"> 10</span> <span class="rt-label rt-postfix">min.</span></span>Migration debates tend to become polarized into extreme ends. Humanitarian border is a concept that seeks to disentagle the complexity of migration phenomenon between a human distress and a hard border control.  </p>
<p>The post <a href="http://www.versuslehti.fi/tiededebatti/humanitarian-border-arena-of-political-struggle/">Humanitarian border – arena of political struggle</a> appeared first on <a href="http://www.versuslehti.fi"></a>.</p>
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										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<span class="span-reading-time rt-reading-time" style="display: block;"><span class="rt-label rt-prefix">Lukuaika:</span> <span class="rt-time"> 10</span> <span class="rt-label rt-postfix">min.</span></span><div class="four-columns-three"></p>
<p><div class="box blue-box"> This text is a part of multilingual <a href="https://www.versuslehti.fi/teemat/humanitarian-border-arena-of-political-struggle-multilingual-article-series/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Humanitarian border</a> article series. It is based on recently published peer-reviewed articles that can be found <a href="https://trepo.tuni.fi/handle/10024/117246" target="_blank" rel="noopener">here</a> ja <a href="https://www.versuslehti.fi/tiededebatti/humanitaarinen-raja-poliittisen-kamppailun-areena/attachment/spathopoulou_kallio_hakli_2021_ips_authors_copy/" rel="attachment wp-att-8535">here</a>. </div></p>
<p><span class="dropcap">D</span>ebates on asylum seeking and refugees tend to polarize into two extremes. Those critical of migration talk about borders and security, while the supporters of humanitarian responsibility underline refugees’ right to international protection. In Europe the debates intensified in 2015 when a large number of people arrived in the European Union to seek asylum.</p>
<p>At the end of 2021, tensioned situation at the borders of Poland and Lithuania with Belarus brought the securitization of EU’s external borders on the agenda. The hard border management practiced there has previously been witnessed at the Greece-Turkey border.</p>
<p>Humanitarian aid and migration governance are typically framed as two opposite strategies. Yet in reality both are formed <em>in relation</em> to each other. Forced international migration stems from human distress. People flee dangerous and unlivable circumstances to countries where they hope to build safer lives.</p>
<p>States have the right to govern human mobility and residence as part of their sovereignty, which enables them to use passport and visa regimes to sort between desired and unwanted mobility. For this reason, many refugees do not find legal access to the EU. These two worlds are connected by the <a href="https://www.unhcr.org/1951-refugee-convention.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">United Nations Refugee Convention</a> that now celebrates its 70th anniversary. It compels the State parties to admit persons seeking asylum to their territory.</p>
<h3>Humanitarian border</h3>
<p>In international scholarship, encounters between asylum seekers and states are approached through the concept of humanitarian border. It has been developed in multidisciplinary research on forced migration and its governance in different parts of the world.</p>
<p>The approach is practical: researchers analyze what happens in places where asylum seekers meet migration governance.</p>
<p>Geographical research focuses particularly on the <em>spaces that humanitarian bordering creates</em>. Not only a divider between different areas, humanitarian border is also a constantly changing in-between space that links them. The multi-scalar encounters between asylum seekers and governance produce both <em>physical lived space</em> and <em>symbolic and practical spaces of political struggle</em>.</p>
<figure id="attachment_8633" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-8633" style="width: 900px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://www.versuslehti.fi/tiededebatti/humanitarian-border-arena-of-political-struggle/attachment/levi-meir-clancy-f1_b1evxmhq-unsplash/" rel="attachment wp-att-8633"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-large wp-image-8633" src="https://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/levi-meir-clancy-f1_b1EVxmhQ-unsplash-1024x683.jpg" alt="" width="900" height="600" srcset="http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/levi-meir-clancy-f1_b1EVxmhQ-unsplash-1024x683.jpg 1024w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/levi-meir-clancy-f1_b1EVxmhQ-unsplash-300x200.jpg 300w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/levi-meir-clancy-f1_b1EVxmhQ-unsplash-768x512.jpg 768w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/levi-meir-clancy-f1_b1EVxmhQ-unsplash-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/levi-meir-clancy-f1_b1EVxmhQ-unsplash-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/levi-meir-clancy-f1_b1EVxmhQ-unsplash-1035x690.jpg 1035w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-8633" class="wp-caption-text">Humanitarian border is a diffuse spatial formation. It can reside at manifold refugee camps characterized by temporary nature. Photo: Levi Meir Clancy/Unsplash</figcaption></figure>
<h3>Life at the humanitarian border</h3>
<p>Humanitarian border is a diffuse spatial formation. On one hand, it resides at the manifold refugee camps. As a crisis hits, temporary camps are established close to conflict or disaster areas, within the country or in the neighboring countries.</p>
<p>Humanitarian aid relies on actors who can get to these places quickly, typically local organizations and international crisis actors. Shelters are built from materials that are available, food is shared and prepared outdoors, and sanitation and hygiene are often poor.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>The oldest refugee camps date back to 1948. Several generations of Palestinians have lived in them in Jordan, Libanon, Syria, and Israel.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>In protracted situations camps become more robust with stronger housing structures, sanitation facilities and kitchens. A semi-formal labor market may emerge, and education, health care and other basic services are made available to refugees. These are typically co-organized by the <a href="https://www.unhcr.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener">United Nations Refugee Agency</a> (UNHCR), the state, municipalities, and NGOs. Settled camps may also be relocated or divided for practical reasons.</p>
<p>Humanitarian border thus becomes an enduring lived space. Large-scale camps akin to urban neighborhoods can be found in Kenia, Uganda, and Jordan for instance. Similarly, in Asia there are refugee camps hosting hundreds of thousands of people, as in Bangladesh with Rohingya refugees. The oldest refugee camps date back to 1948. Several generations of Palestinians have lived in them Jordan, Libanon, Syria, and Israel.</p>
<figure id="attachment_8553" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-8553" style="width: 800px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><a href="https://www.versuslehti.fi/tiededebatti/humanitaarinen-raja-poliittisen-kamppailun-areena/attachment/an_aerial_view_of_the_zaatri_refugee_camp/" rel="attachment wp-att-8553"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-8553" src="https://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/An_Aerial_View_of_the_Zaatri_Refugee_Camp.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="490" srcset="http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/An_Aerial_View_of_the_Zaatri_Refugee_Camp.jpg 800w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/An_Aerial_View_of_the_Zaatri_Refugee_Camp-300x184.jpg 300w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/An_Aerial_View_of_the_Zaatri_Refugee_Camp-768x470.jpg 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-8553" class="wp-caption-text">An aerial view of Za’atri refugee camp in Jordan. The camp was established as a temporary shelter for Syrian refugees in 2012. Now it has transformed into a city and a permanent home for many of its residents. Photo: Wikimedia Commons.</figcaption></figure>
<h3>Europe&#8217;s humanitarian borders?</h3>
<p>In EU countries, asylum seekers are mainly placed in different kinds of reception, processing, and detention centers. There are also refugees living in private apartments and self-made camps within and outside cities, either as registered asylum seekers or as paperless migrants.</p>
<p>In 2016, the European Union established emergency camps called Hotspots, in Greece and Italy. They are becoming a permanent element in the EU’s new refugee policy. Some inoperable camps are presently being replaced by <a href="https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/36851/greece-opens-two-new-migrant-holding-centers-on-greek-islands" target="_blank" rel="noopener">new closed control centers at the Greek islands</a>.</p>
<p>Big cities host refugees all over the world. For example, in Egypt over 265.000 registered asylum seekers live in the cities, in addition to numerous refugees without such status. The UNHCR lacks capacities to help or relocate them. Many people seek other channels for their journeys, some aiming to seek asylum in the EU. This often means resorting to smugglers for assistance.</p>
<p>The humanitarian border is lived also at border regions where asylum seekers gather. Sometimes people settle temporarily in makeshift camps – such as in Calais in France – but many are constantly on the move seeking to cross the border. Some asylum seekers succeed right away, others end up trying many times, and some lose their lives during the dangerous border crossing.</p>
<figure id="attachment_8555" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-8555" style="width: 900px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><a href="https://www.versuslehti.fi/tiededebatti/humanitaarinen-raja-poliittisen-kamppailun-areena/attachment/radek-homola-ie80bguaexa-unsplash/" rel="attachment wp-att-8555"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-large wp-image-8555" src="https://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/radek-homola-iE80BguAEXA-unsplash-1024x678.jpg" alt="" width="900" height="596" srcset="http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/radek-homola-iE80BguAEXA-unsplash-1024x678.jpg 1024w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/radek-homola-iE80BguAEXA-unsplash-300x199.jpg 300w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/radek-homola-iE80BguAEXA-unsplash-768x509.jpg 768w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/radek-homola-iE80BguAEXA-unsplash-1536x1017.jpg 1536w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/radek-homola-iE80BguAEXA-unsplash-2048x1356.jpg 2048w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/radek-homola-iE80BguAEXA-unsplash-1042x690.jpg 1042w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-8555" class="wp-caption-text">Deserted refugee camp in Calais, France in 2018. Photo: Radek Homola/ Unsplash</figcaption></figure>
<h3>Struggle over the right to asylum</h3>
<p>In research, the politics of humanitarian border can be traced though document and media analysis, and by studying the practices of migration governance. It is a political space constituted by struggles over inclusion and exclusion. Public attention to such protracted struggles can either decrease or increase its political weight.</p>
<p><em>Inclusive bordering</em> is about the realization of the international right to asylum. Refugees have the right to seek asylum in countries committed to the UN Convention, while states have the right to define when the criteria for refugee status are met. EU countries interpret these criteria both independently and collectively.</p>
<p>Refugees’ access to asylum is markedly varied. Their countries of origin may be considered ‘safe’, which leads to a high degree of rejected applications. People also have varying access to supportive networks, and some lack capabilities to bring up matters regarded critical for the refugee status.</p>
<p>To seek asylum, one needs to enter the territory of the target country. Often this is not possible through official border crossing points. In border guarding, this has grown into a controversial issue. For example, the reception centers now constructed on the Greek islands have been described as prison-like detention centers.</p>
<p>The primary aim of EU’s new refugee policy, <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/priorities-2019-2024/promoting-our-european-way-life/new-pact-migration-and-asylum_en" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The New Pact on Migration and Asylum</a>, is the acceleration of asylum case assessment. The goal is to return a growing number of refugees directly from the external border. This will remarkably narrow down the political space of the humanitarian border.</p>
<h3>Limits of illegality?</h3>
<p>Exclusive bordering concerns territorial governance. States have the right to determine the grounds on which people may enter their territory and stay at the country. However, this sovereignty is conditioned by international treaties concerning mobility and human rights.</p>
<p>For example, member states of the UN Refugee Convention have agreed that persons may enter the country if they register as asylum seekers. Hence, asylum seekers cannot be treated as illegal migrants.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Humanitarian border is a paradoxical space. It constitutes at the external borders of states and the EU, but equally wherever asylum seekers’ residency rights are assessed.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Yet at many EU borders, countries are currently performing so called <a href="https://pushbackmap.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener">push-backs</a>, which means coercive measures to prevent asylum seekers from entering the national territory. This is considered a questionable bordering practice as it contradicts with international treaties. Through push-backs, justified by illegal migration, states narrow down the political space of the humanitarian border.</p>
<p>Conversely, many activists and organizations seek to broaden the space of political struggle by making visible the illegality of the states’ actions. Asylum seekers themselves have little access to these struggles, even if some protests exist. Refugees encounter migration governance from their embodied vulnerable positions – at the lived humanitarian border.</p>
<figure id="attachment_8556" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-8556" style="width: 900px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><a href="https://www.versuslehti.fi/tiededebatti/humanitaarinen-raja-poliittisen-kamppailun-areena/attachment/ferry-pirareus/" rel="attachment wp-att-8556"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-large wp-image-8556" src="https://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Ferry-Pirareus-1024x641.jpg" alt="" width="900" height="563" srcset="http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Ferry-Pirareus-1024x641.jpg 1024w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Ferry-Pirareus-300x188.jpg 300w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Ferry-Pirareus-768x481.jpg 768w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Ferry-Pirareus.jpg 1050w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-8556" class="wp-caption-text">Piraeus port in Greece has been a hub of the massive migration movements since 2015. People fleeing from Syria, Afghanistan, Iraq and elsewhere arrive to the port in order to reach Western Europe. In the photo, a ferry is arriving to Piraeus in 2016. Photo: Aila Spathopoulou</figcaption></figure>
<h3>Paradoxical space</h3>
<p>Humanitarian border is a paradoxical space. It constitutes at the external borders of states and the EU, but equally wherever asylum seekers’ residency rights are assessed. In the digitalized society the border may close down abruptly when a person attempts to access private or public services that request strong identification.</p>
<p>It is also a traveling construct. The hotspot model was imported to Europe from the Australian Pacific and the US government is replicating it at the Mexican border. While the hardening border thus expands and solidifies, the spaces of asylum and protection shrink and weaken.</p>
<p>Humanitarian border binds together the apparently disparate aims of border guarding and humanitarian aid. In the EU, asylum seekers usually receive immediate and urgent support regardless of their background and country of origin. But only a fraction of them are offered long-term asylum.</p>
<p>The growing emphasis on bordering over humanitarian aid means that asylum seekers are not necessarily offered even immediate help. At the Belarus-Poland and Greece-Turkey borders they are simply being cast out from the EU.</p>
<p>As a paradoxical space the humanitarian border is open to political struggle. European refugee policy involves constant balancing between national interests and international responsibility, border security and human despair, state sovereignty and human rights. The exploration of these tensioned relations helps understanding the complex phenomenon and finding basis for more sustainable solutions.</p>
<p>KIRSIPAULIINA KALLIO, JOUNI HÄKLI, ELISA PASCUCCI &amp; AILA SPATHOPOLOU</p>
<p>HEADER PHOTO: JULIE RICARD/UNSPLASH</p>
<p><div class="box green-box"><br /><strong>References</strong></p>
<p>Kallio, K.P., Häkli, J. &amp; Pascucci, E. (2019). Refugeeness as political subjectivity: Experiencing the humanitarian border. Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space, 37:7, 1258–1276.</p>
<p>Spathopoulou, A., Kallio, K. P. &amp; Häkli, J. (2021). Outsourcing Hotspot governance within the EU: cultural mediators as humanitarian–border workers in Greece. International Political Sociology, 15:3, 359–377.</p>
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<div class="four-columns-one last"></p>
<p><a href="https://www.versuslehti.fi/tiededebatti/humanitaarinen-raja-poliittisen-kamppailun-areena/attachment/kirsipauliina-kallio_kasvokuva/" rel="attachment wp-att-8545"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-8545" src="https://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Kirsipauliina-Kallio_kasvokuva-e1648665189428-150x150.jpg" alt="" width="150" height="150" srcset="http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Kirsipauliina-Kallio_kasvokuva-e1648665189428-150x150.jpg 150w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Kirsipauliina-Kallio_kasvokuva-e1648665189428-300x300.jpg 300w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Kirsipauliina-Kallio_kasvokuva-e1648665189428-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Kirsipauliina-Kallio_kasvokuva-e1648665189428-768x768.jpg 768w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Kirsipauliina-Kallio_kasvokuva-e1648665189428-690x690.jpg 690w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Kirsipauliina-Kallio_kasvokuva-e1648665189428.jpg 1529w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></a></p>
<p class="uppercase">Kirsipauliina Kallio</p>
<p>Kirsi Pauliina Kallio is professor of Environmental Pedagogy at Tampere University. Her critical research on the humanitarian border focuses on the governance of forced migration in the EU and on forced migrants&#8217; experiences of seeking asylum in EU countries.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.versuslehti.fi/tiededebatti/humanitaarinen-raja-poliittisen-kamppailun-areena/attachment/jouni-hakli-photo/" rel="attachment wp-att-8546"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-8546" src="https://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Jouni-Hakli-photo-e1648665409383-150x150.jpg" alt="" width="150" height="150" /></a></p>
<p class="uppercase">Jouni Häkli</p>
<p>Jouni Häkli is professor of Regional Studies at Tampere University. His recent research addresses refugeeness and encounters between asylum seekers and migration management.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.versuslehti.fi/tiededebatti/humanitarian-border-arena-of-political-struggle/attachment/thumbnail_elisa_pic/" rel="attachment wp-att-8637"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="aligncenter size-thumbnail wp-image-8637" src="https://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/thumbnail_Elisa_pic-150x150.jpg" alt="" width="150" height="150" /></a></p>
<p class="uppercase">Elisa Pascucci</p>
<p>Elisa Pascucci is a senior researcher at the University of Helsinki. Her current research focuses on the geographies of humanitarianism, with particular attention to humanitarian infrastructures and logistics. She is about to start a project on the politics of administrative and funding tools in development and refugee aid, funded by the KONE Foundation and based at the School of Management and SPARG, Tampere Universities.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.versuslehti.fi/tiededebatti/humanitarian-border-arena-of-political-struggle/attachment/aila-spathalou/" rel="attachment wp-att-8772"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="aligncenter size-thumbnail wp-image-8772" src="https://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Aila-Spathalou-e1654037959939-150x150.jpg" alt="" width="150" height="150" srcset="http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Aila-Spathalou-e1654037959939-150x150.jpg 150w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Aila-Spathalou-e1654037959939-300x300.jpg 300w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Aila-Spathalou-e1654037959939-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Aila-Spathalou-e1654037959939-768x768.jpg 768w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Aila-Spathalou-e1654037959939-1536x1536.jpg 1536w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Aila-Spathalou-e1654037959939-2048x2048.jpg 2048w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Aila-Spathalou-e1654037959939-690x690.jpg 690w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></a></p>
<p class="uppercase">Aila Spathopoulou</p>
<p>Aila Spathopoulou is a postdoctoral researcher in the Department of Geography at Durham University. She is co-coordinator of the Research Area: Mobility: Migration and Borders at the Feminist Autonomous Centre for research in Athens. Aila completed her PhD in human geography, focusing on processes of bordering and governmentality of migrants through the hotspot system in Greece.</p>
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<p class="uppercase">Lue kommentaarit</p>
<p><div class="box green-box"><a href="#kommentti-1"><strong>Donna Swarthout</strong>: Tipping the balance towards a more ethical and humane approach </a></div></p>
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<p><span id="kommentti-1" class="anchor"></span><div class="box blue-box"><div class="three-columns-one"><br /><a href="https://www.versuslehti.fi/tiededebatti/humanitarian-border-arena-of-political-struggle/attachment/djsbio/" rel="attachment wp-att-8638"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="aligncenter size-thumbnail wp-image-8638" src="https://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/DJSbio-150x150.jpg" alt="" width="150" height="150" srcset="http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/DJSbio-150x150.jpg 150w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/DJSbio.jpg 192w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></a></p>
<p class="uppercase">Donna Swarthout</p>
<p>Donna Swarthout holds an M.A. in political science from the University of California Berkeley. She is the author of numerous publications about the legacy of the Holocaust and is the editor of A Place They Called Home. Reclaiming Citizenship. Stories of a New Jewish Return to Germany (Berlinica 2019).</p>
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<h3>Tipping the balance towards a more ethical and humane approach</h3>
<p>How should states balance their obligation to provide a safe haven for refugees with their sovereign right to control their own borders? This question underlies the political struggle over the humanitarian border.</p>
<p>Implementing a fair and effective process for granting refuge to asylum seekers is a necessary component of a humanitarian approach. Yet states have not always demonstrated a full commitment to such an approach, as seen during the 2015 refugee crisis.</p>
<p>A major restructuring and budgetary boost for the United Nations Refugee Agency seems unlikely. So what steps can be taken to achieve more humanitarian outcomes when violent conflicts cause new waves of population movements?</p>
<p>Recent refugee and migration crises have revealed key weaknesses in the current system. Reforms are needed to ensure stronger international leadership and coordination, a heavier emphasis on equity and fairness in decision making processes, and a broader global distribution of responsibilities for the welfare of asylum seekers.</p>
<p>In September 2020 the European Commission proposed a New Pact on Migration and Asylum to implement a set of comprehensive and long-term reforms. One year later, the <a href="https://eu.rescue.org/article/new-pact-migration-and-asylum-one-year-fair-and-humane-asylum-system-needed-more-ever" target="_blank" rel="noopener">International Rescue Committee</a> reported that “progress has still not been reached on vital issues, such as the establishment of a fair system for EU states to share responsibility for new arrivals at EU borders.”</p>
<p>Others have observed that there has not been sufficient movement away from the “Dublin system” and its allocation of responsibility to the country of first entry into the EU.</p>
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<p>Ukrainians who have fled their war-torn country have been welcomed to the EU with generous benefits. At the same time, thousands of Afghans remain in temporary situations where they await resettlement.</p>
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<p>Responsibility sharing remains an issue for resettlement of asylum seekers both within and outside the EU. On the one hand, we see Ukrainians who have fled their war-torn country being welcomed to the EU with generous benefits such as the right to stay and work for up to three years.</p>
<p>At the same time, thousands of Afghans remain displaced or in temporary situations where they await resettlement; not to mention the millions of refugees from Syria, South Sudan, Myanmar and elsewhere who are languishing in refugee camps.</p>
<p>A fair system does not necessarily mean that Europe must open its borders to all asylum seekers. As some experts have argued, wealthy countries can meet their duty of rescue by allocating resources towards safe havens that are in close proximity to the countries from which refugees originate.</p>
<p>There may be social, economic and cultural benefits from doing so. The humanitarian border as an ethical construct need not be in conflict with the pursuit of cost-effective approaches to refugee policy.</p>
<p>But European states do have an obligation to process the thousands of pending asylum cases and to provide ongoing humanitarian support. Refugees both within and outside Europe’s borders also need support to regain their independence.</p>
<p>Although some reforms have been implemented, increased cohesion and commitment from EU member states is needed to avoid push-backs, the use of prison-like detention centers, and other unethical border practices.</p>
<p>Internal political dynamics in Western democracies play a key role in determining how political struggles over the humanitarian border are resolved. Poor crisis management in 2015 and the resulting popular discontent were factors that caused Brexit and a weakened European Union.</p>
<p>Citizens must do their part – through the electoral process and advocacy campaigns – to prevent far right and extreme nationalist elements from gaining the upper hand and eroding democratic institutions. These internal dynamics will determine how well liberal democracies manage the external pressures posed by asylum seekers.</p>
<p>DONNA SWARTHOUT<br /> <a class="takaisin-ylos" style="float: right;" href="#kommentit">Takaisin ylös &uarr;</a> <br /></div></div></p>
<p> <a href="/kirjoita-versukseen/"><input class="kirjoita-versukseen" type="submit" value="Kirjoita Versukseen" /></a> </p>
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<div class="wp-block-query is-layout-flow wp-block-query-is-layout-flow"><ul class="is-flex-container columns-3 wp-block-post-template is-layout-flow wp-block-post-template-is-layout-flow"><li class="wp-block-post post-13734 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-english category-kriittinen-tila category-multilingual tag-environmental-policy tag-nostot tag-sustainability-transformation tag-traditional-knowledge">
<figure class="wp-block-post-featured-image"><a href="http://www.versuslehti.fi/english/sustainable-environmental-decision-making-calls-for-diverse-forms-of-knowledge/" target="_self"  ><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="900" src="http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/pexels-raulling-29823044resized.jpg" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="Sustainable environmental decision-making calls for diverse forms of knowledge" style="object-fit:cover;" srcset="http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/pexels-raulling-29823044resized.jpg 1600w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/pexels-raulling-29823044resized-300x169.jpg 300w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/pexels-raulling-29823044resized-1024x576.jpg 1024w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/pexels-raulling-29823044resized-768x432.jpg 768w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/pexels-raulling-29823044resized-1536x864.jpg 1536w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/pexels-raulling-29823044resized-1260x709.jpg 1260w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/pexels-raulling-29823044resized-800x450.jpg 800w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/pexels-raulling-29823044resized-1227x690.jpg 1227w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></a></figure>

<div class="wp-block-post-date"><time datetime="2026-02-27T00:30:20+02:00">27.2.2026</time></div>

<h2 class="lisa-artikkelit wp-block-post-title"><a href="http://www.versuslehti.fi/english/sustainable-environmental-decision-making-calls-for-diverse-forms-of-knowledge/" target="_self" >Sustainable environmental decision-making calls for diverse forms of knowledge</a></h2>
</li><li class="wp-block-post post-13335 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-english category-tiededebatti tag-margins tag-sustainability-transformation">
<figure class="wp-block-post-featured-image"><a href="http://www.versuslehti.fi/tiededebatti/10-theses-for-an-ecosocially-just-sustainability-transformation/" target="_self"  ><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1500" height="844" src="http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Artikkelikuva_Mustonenetal.jpg" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="10 theses for an ecosocially just sustainability transformation" style="object-fit:cover;" srcset="http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Artikkelikuva_Mustonenetal.jpg 1500w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Artikkelikuva_Mustonenetal-300x169.jpg 300w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Artikkelikuva_Mustonenetal-1024x576.jpg 1024w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Artikkelikuva_Mustonenetal-768x432.jpg 768w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Artikkelikuva_Mustonenetal-1260x709.jpg 1260w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Artikkelikuva_Mustonenetal-800x450.jpg 800w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Artikkelikuva_Mustonenetal-1226x690.jpg 1226w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px" /></a></figure>

<div class="wp-block-post-date"><time datetime="2025-06-30T21:53:42+03:00">30.6.2025</time></div>

<h2 class="lisa-artikkelit wp-block-post-title"><a href="http://www.versuslehti.fi/tiededebatti/10-theses-for-an-ecosocially-just-sustainability-transformation/" target="_self" >10 theses for an ecosocially just sustainability transformation</a></h2>
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<figure class="wp-block-post-featured-image"><a href="http://www.versuslehti.fi/tiededebatti/inarin-metsakonfliktia-voidaan-tarkastella-maapolitiikkana/" target="_self"  ><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="1200" src="http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/steven-kamenar-MMJx78V7xS8-unsplash.jpg" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="Inarin metsäkonfliktia voidaan tarkastella ”maapolitiikkana”" style="object-fit:cover;" srcset="http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/steven-kamenar-MMJx78V7xS8-unsplash.jpg 1600w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/steven-kamenar-MMJx78V7xS8-unsplash-300x225.jpg 300w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/steven-kamenar-MMJx78V7xS8-unsplash-1024x768.jpg 1024w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/steven-kamenar-MMJx78V7xS8-unsplash-768x576.jpg 768w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/steven-kamenar-MMJx78V7xS8-unsplash-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/steven-kamenar-MMJx78V7xS8-unsplash-920x690.jpg 920w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/steven-kamenar-MMJx78V7xS8-unsplash-790x593.jpg 790w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></a></figure>

<div class="wp-block-post-date"><time datetime="2023-06-26T11:09:49+03:00">26.6.2023</time></div>

<h2 class="lisa-artikkelit wp-block-post-title"><a href="http://www.versuslehti.fi/tiededebatti/inarin-metsakonfliktia-voidaan-tarkastella-maapolitiikkana/" target="_self" ><strong>Inarin metsäkonfliktia voidaan tarkastella ”maapolitiikkana”</strong></a></h2>
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<p>The post <a href="http://www.versuslehti.fi/tiededebatti/humanitarian-border-arena-of-political-struggle/">Humanitarian border – arena of political struggle</a> appeared first on <a href="http://www.versuslehti.fi"></a>.</p>
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		<title>Humanitarian border – arena of political struggle: multilingual article series</title>
		<link>http://www.versuslehti.fi/teemat/humanitarian-border-arena-of-political-struggle-multilingual-article-series/?utm_source=rss&#038;utm_medium=rss&#038;utm_campaign=humanitarian-border-arena-of-political-struggle-multilingual-article-series</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Anna Marjaana]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 30 Mar 2022 23:31:47 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Multilingual]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Teemat]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Border]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Human rights]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Migration]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[<p><span class="span-reading-time rt-reading-time" style="display: block;"><span class="rt-label rt-prefix">Lukuaika:</span> <span class="rt-time"> 3</span> <span class="rt-label rt-postfix">min.</span></span>Humanitarian border – arena of political struggle is a multilingual article series consisting of popular articles on migration governance research. The articles are written and translated by a group of international reserachers from diverse linguistic and geographical backgrounds.</p>
<p>The post <a href="http://www.versuslehti.fi/teemat/humanitarian-border-arena-of-political-struggle-multilingual-article-series/">Humanitarian border – arena of political struggle: multilingual article series</a> appeared first on <a href="http://www.versuslehti.fi"></a>.</p>
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										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span class="span-reading-time rt-reading-time" style="display: block;"><span class="rt-label rt-prefix">Lukuaika:</span> <span class="rt-time"> 3</span> <span class="rt-label rt-postfix">min.</span></span><div class="three-columns-two"></p>
<p>Humanitarian border – arena of political struggle is a multilingual article series consisting of popular articles based on migration governance research. The articles are written and translated by a group of international researchers from diverse linguistic and geographical backgrounds. Different experts and civil society activists on migration issues participate in the multilingual discussion through critical commentary texts.</p>
<p>The article series includes in total five articles translated from English to Finnish, Italian, Greek and Spanish. The texts will be published during spring 2022. With this multilingual endeavour we aim to spread access to research knowledge beyond the English (or Finnish) speaking public. We find such attempts particularly important concerning topics as migration that often occur beyond the dominant linguistic borders.</p>
<p>Humanitarian borders multilingual article series has been edited by <strong>Anna Marjaana Heikkinen</strong>, the editor-in-chief of Versus online magazine.</p>
<p>Contributing authors: <strong>Kirsipauliina Kallio</strong>, <strong>Jouni Häkli</strong>, <strong>Elisa Pascucci</strong>, <strong>Aila Spatholopou,</strong> <strong>Angel Iglesias Ortiz</strong></p>
<p>Article photo: Humberto Chavez/Unsplash</p>
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<h2>Humanitarian border – arena of political struggle: articles</h2>
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<div class="teema_artikkeli-kuva"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignleft wp-image-8543 size-thumbnail" src="https://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/kevin-buckert-fKf9bmZUSmA-unsplash-e1648664334418-150x150.jpg" alt="Pakolaisia maantien laidalla." width="150" height="150" /></div>
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<h2>Humanitaarinen raja – poliittisen kamppailun areena</h2>
<p>Maahanmuuttokysymykset jakavat mielipiteet herkästi ääripäihin. Kirsipauliina Kallio ja Jouni Häkli pohtivat tekstissään humanitaarisen rajan käsitteen avulla maahanmuuttoilmiön monimutkaisuutta inhimillisen hädän ja kovan rajavalvonnan välillä.</p>
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<div class="teema_artikkeli-kuva"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignleft wp-image-8651 size-thumbnail" src="https://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/julie-ricard-MX0erXb3Mms-unsplash-2-150x150.jpg" alt="Lastenvaatteita kuivumassa pakolaisleirillä." width="150" height="150" /></div>
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<h2>Humanitarian border – arena of political struggle</h2>
<p>Migration debates tend to become polarized into extreme ends. Humanitarian border is a concept that seeks to disentagle the complexity of migration phenomenon between a human distress and a hard border control.</p>
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<div class="teema_artikkeli-kuva"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignleft wp-image-8787 size-thumbnail" src="https://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Emad-Zyuod-Flickr-150x150.jpg" alt="Ihmisiä pakolaisleirin vesipisteellä." width="150" height="150" /></div>
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<h2>Il confine umanitario – uno spazio di lotta politica</h2>
<p>Il dibattito pubblico sulle migrazioni è estremamente polarizzato. Il concetto di confine umanitario consente di far luce, almeno in parte, sulla complessità di un fenomeno in cui controllo delle frontiere, aiuto umanitario, e condizioni di estrema sofferenza appaiono spesso inseparabili e indistinguibili.</p>
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<div class="teema_artikkeli-kuva"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignleft wp-image-8826 size-thumbnail" src="https://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Brennan-Griggith-Flickr-150x150.jpg" alt="Pakolaisia siirtymässä lautalta maalle." width="150" height="150" /></div>
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<h2>Ανθρωπιστικά σύνορα – πεδίο μάχης πολιτικών αγώνων</h2>
<p>Οι συζητήσεις για τη μετανάστευση τείνουν να πολώνονται σε ακραία άκρα. Τα ανθρωπιστικά σύνορα είναι μια έννοια που προσπαθεί να διαχωρίσει την πολυπλοκότητα του μεταναστευτικού φαινομένου μεταξύ μιας ανθρώπινης δυσπραγίας και ενός σκληρού συνοριακού ελέγχου.</p>
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<div class="teema_artikkeli-kuva"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignleft wp-image-8887 size-thumbnail" src="https://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/EU-C.Palma-2020-150x150.jpg" alt="Rautatiekiskoille leiriytyneitä ihmisiä." width="150" height="150" /></div>
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<h2>La frontera humanitaria – una arena de lucha política</h2>
<p>Los debates sobre la migración suelen estar polarizados en dos extremos. La frontera humanitaria es un concepto que busca a romper la complejidad del fenómeno entre el sufrimiento humano el control estricto de las fronteras.</p>
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<p>The post <a href="http://www.versuslehti.fi/teemat/humanitarian-border-arena-of-political-struggle-multilingual-article-series/">Humanitarian border – arena of political struggle: multilingual article series</a> appeared first on <a href="http://www.versuslehti.fi"></a>.</p>
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		<title>Dangerous border – but for whom?</title>
		<link>http://www.versuslehti.fi/tiededebatti/dangerous-border-but-for-whom/?utm_source=rss&#038;utm_medium=rss&#038;utm_campaign=dangerous-border-but-for-whom</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Anna Marjaana]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 10 Dec 2020 13:32:17 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[English]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Tiededebatti]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Human rights]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ihmisoikeudet]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Maahanmuutto]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Maantiede]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Meksikon ja Yhdysvaltojen raja]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Migration]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.versuslehti.fi/?p=6688</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p><span class="span-reading-time rt-reading-time" style="display: block;"><span class="rt-label rt-prefix">Lukuaika:</span> <span class="rt-time"> 7</span> <span class="rt-label rt-postfix">min.</span></span>The question of danger in the US-Mexican border has become a polarized shouting match in the US politics. But who is in danger? In his article, Henrik Dorf Nielsen discusses the diverse perception of danger in the Arizona borderlands and who are those under greatest threat.</p>
<p>The post <a href="http://www.versuslehti.fi/tiededebatti/dangerous-border-but-for-whom/">Dangerous border – but for whom?</a> appeared first on <a href="http://www.versuslehti.fi"></a>.</p>
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										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<span class="span-reading-time rt-reading-time" style="display: block;"><span class="rt-label rt-prefix">Lukuaika:</span> <span class="rt-time"> 7</span> <span class="rt-label rt-postfix">min.</span></span><div class="four-columns-three"></p>
<p><div class="box blue-box">The original research article can be accessed <a href="https://doi.org/10.11143/fennia.87338" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">here</a>. Nielsen, H.D. (2020). Perception of danger in the southern Arizona borderlands. <em>Fennia &#8211; International Journal of Geography</em>, 198(1-2), 74-90.</div></p>
<p><span class="dropcap">T</span>he US-Mexican border has been debated for many years and during that time its perception has changed. Yet, post-9/11 the border mainly has been portrayed as a weak link in the American security chain and generally as a very dangerous place to be. It has become a central topic that, alongside abortion, defines US politics and spilts the voters into two camps.</p>
<p>President Trump for instance built his successful 2016 presidential campaign on a platform that drew heavily on the narrative of the US-Mexican border as a dangerous place and of undocumented migrants as hardened criminals. While a sound and well-informed debate, with differing opinions is healthy, the border question in the US has become a shallow and polarized shouting match based on entrenched ideological positions and differently-interpreted ‘facts’.</p>
<p>A quick google search will suggest to you that the US-Mexican border is one of the most dangerous borders in the world. Yet at the same time it also will provide information that some of the safest cities in the US are located on the border, although they are divided from cities like Tijuana and Ciudad Juárez only by a fence. The explanation is simple; the border is not a single border but 3000 km of diverse landscape. Additionally, it is filled with social, historical, legal, cultural, environmental, and economic differences, making it much more complex than how it appears. Still, people use simplified arguments that they believe are accepted as universal truths.</p>
<p>My recent article “Perceptions of danger in the Arizona borderlands” (2020), aims to map out the different perceptions of danger that exist in the Ajo, Arizona border area. Rather than presenting definitive conclusions, the study attempts to depict a more nuanced border with first-hand experience of the presented dangers. By doing so, it also invites further debates and research to re-think how arguments that support our own beliefs shape perceptions of danger.</p>
<h3>The Ajo border area</h3>
<p>The Ajo border area is a far cry from the US capital, Washington D.C. Nevertheless, the people living in the border region have had to adjust to the laws that are imposed upon them by politicians from the other side of the country. Some of these laws are carried out differently along the southern border than in other border areas of the US. One point in case is the so-called ‘100 mile zone’, which is almost omnipresent with checkpoints surrounding the town. Meanwhile most people in New York City probably are unaware that they also live inside the border zone.</p>
<blockquote><p>Ajo is a town with very noticeable tensions. It is a microcosm of national divisions played out in a small space.</p></blockquote>
<p>Within this zone the Border Patrol has extensive rights that conflict with the constitution, which has prompted <a href="https://www.aclu.org">the American Civil Liberties Union</a> to rename it the ‘constitution-free zone’ (ACLU 2012). In Ajo the opinions about the border zone, undocumented migrants, the Border Patrol, and the securitization in general are many and diverse. Some find all the security necessary and it makes them feel safe from undocumented migrants. At the same time others experience it as an attack on their civil rights and violation of their human rights, thus making them feel unsecure.</p>
<p><figure id="attachment_6745" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-6745" style="width: 341px" class="wp-caption alignright"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Caution-sign300EDITT.jpg" alt="" class="size-full wp-image-6745" width="341" height="480" srcset="http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Caution-sign300EDITT.jpg 341w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Caution-sign300EDITT-213x300.jpg 213w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 341px) 100vw, 341px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-6745" class="wp-caption-text">Example of one of the signs found in the desert. Photo: Henrik Dorf Nielsen</figcaption></figure></p>
<p>On either end of the spectrum, there are people who chose to act. Several aid organizations, with the primary goal of preventing undocumented migrants from dying in the desert, operate in the area. On the other hand, there are those who take it upon themselves to help the Border Patrol keep undocumented migrants out. Being a small and relative isolated settlement with little more than 3000 inhabitants, Ajo is a town with very noticeable tensions. It is a microcosm of national divisions played out in a small space.</p>
<h3>The danger and the threat</h3>
<p>The perceptions of what is dangerous and who or what is threatened by the danger also differs vastly, with one exception – the desert. Outsiders who are unfamiliar with the border area and some of the locals, who are split on the matter, take the Border Patrol’s position portraying undocumented migrants as the danger. They are considered to threaten the locals and subsequently the rest of the country as they move inland. Countering this perception are the aid organizations, human rights organizations, and some of the locals. They see the Border Patrol and border policies as dangerous and the undocumented migrants as being the ones in danger.</p>
<p>What they all have in common is the attitude to the environment. Everyone recognizes that the Sonoran Desert is a dangerous place. Paradoxically they also agree that the same desert is at risk but point towards different culprits. While none of the perceptions can be dismissed as wrong, the desert does stand out as the largest danger, as it claims hundreds of lives per year of both undocumented migrants and Border Patrol agents alike. It was a strategy to use the danger of the desert as a natural scare tactic to keep undocumented migrants out and it is the reason why the aid organizations are there.</p>
<p><h2 id="tablepress-9-name" class="tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-9">Different perceptions of dangers and threats</h2>

<table id="tablepress-9" class="tablepress tablepress-id-9" aria-labelledby="tablepress-9-name">
<thead>
<tr class="row-1">
	<td class="column-1"></td><th class="column-2"><strong>Who/what is the danger?</strong></th><th class="column-3"><strong>Who/what is threatened?</strong></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="row-striping row-hover">
<tr class="row-2">
	<td class="column-1"><strong>Outsiders, Border Patrol, and locals</strong></td><td class="column-2">Undocumented migrants and the environment<br />
<br />
<br />
</td><td class="column-3">Local residents and the environment<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-3">
	<td class="column-1"><strong>Aid organizations, Civic and human rights organizations, and locals</strong></td><td class="column-2">Border Patrol, (border) policies, <br />
and the environment<br />
<br />
</td><td class="column-3">Undocumented migrants, civil/human rights, <br />
and the environment<br />
<br />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<!-- #tablepress-9 from cache --></p>
<p>Regardless of political conviction, opinion towards the border and undocumented migrants, it should be recognized that the undocumented migrants are the ones most at risk. They are much worse equipped to survive days in the desert than anyone else. Moreover, on the border they are stuck between armed cartels in Mexico and armed Border Patrol officers in the US, while being unarmed themselves. This realization, despite being partly reached through actions, is unlikely to manifest itself and mend the gap between the different actors. The current political climate has, if anything, pushed them further apart to a point where they are unable to see each other&#8217;s realities.</p>
<p>HENRIK DORF NIELSEN</p>
<p><div class="box green-box">The header picture: Volunteers on a water drop. By: Henrik Dorf Nielsen</div></p>
<p><div class="box green-box"><strong>References</strong></p>
<p>ACLU (2012) <a href="https://www.aclu.org/other/aclu-statement-un-general-assembly-human-rights-violations-united-states-mexico-border">Human rights violations on the United States-Mexico border</a>. 25.10.2012</p>
<p></div></p>
<p></div>
<div class="four-columns-one last"></p>
<p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Henrik-Dorf-Nielsen-e1607533461877-150x150.jpg" alt="" class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-6715" width="150" height="150"></p>
<p class="uppercase">Henrik Dorf Nielsen</p>
<p>Henrik Dorf Nielsen is a doctoral candidate in Human Geography at the Department of Geographical and Historical Studies, University of Eastern Finland. His research interests include borders and boundaries both internal and external, cross-border interaction, mental borders, perceptions, minorities, and border theory. He is especially, but not only, interested in borders and boundaries in the context of Finland, Denmark and the US.</p>
<div class="piilota_kommentit">
<p><div class="divider"></div><span id="kommentit" class="anchor"></span></p>
<p class="uppercase">Lue kommentaarit</p>
<p><div class="box green-box"><a href="#kommentti-1"><strong>Guadalupe Correa-Cabrera</strong>: Perceptions of danger, border enforcement and migration ethics</a></div></p>
</div>
<p></div>
<div class="four-columns-three"></p>
<p><span id="kommentti-1" class="anchor"></span><div class="box blue-box"><div class="three-columns-one"><br>
<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Guadalupe-Correa-Cabrera-5-e1607534459388-150x150.jpg" alt="" class="aligncenter size-thumbnail wp-image-6719" width="150" height="150"></p>
<p class="uppercase">Guadalupe Correa-Cabrera</p>
<p>Guadalupe Correa-Cabrera is Associate Professor in the Schar School of Policy and Government at George Mason University. Her areas of expertise are Mexico-US relations, organized crime, immigration, border security, and human trafficking. Her newest book is titled Los Zetas Inc.: Criminal Corporations, Energy, and Civil War in Mexico (University of Texas Press, 2017).<br>
</div><div class="three-columns-two last"></p>
<h6>Perceptions of danger, border enforcement<br>
and migration ethics</h6>
<p>The extraordinary study of Henrik Dorf Nielsen (2020) explores the contrasting perceptions of danger connected to the US-Mexico borderlands (the region of southern Arizona), in an era of strengthened border enforcement. Making use of a phenomenological participant-researcher approach, Nielsen describes very accurately the tensions that exist in the Ajo, Arizona border area.The study also depicts the deep and complex national divisions regarding border security and the US immigration policy.</p>
<p>The greatest merits of this account are its objectiveness and rich details obtained via firsthand experience. Nielsen joined a humanitarian aid group in the Ajo region to experience and observe the borderlands on the ground through active participation. By doing this, he was able to provide a very balanced account of the perceptions of danger of two groups of actors: i) outsiders:Border Patrol and locals, and ii) aid organizations:civic and human rights organizations and locals. He concludes that the desert is the greatest danger for the two groups, while the actors most at risk are undocumented migrants.</p>
<p>One aspect that should be further analyzed, and that comes to mind after reading this exceptional piece, is the role of human smugglers and drug trafficking organizations in this complex region. Extreme border enforcement measures do not only put migrants at great risk and lead them into very dangerous terrains, but also benefit a set of actors that profit from the needs and vulnerability of undocumented migrants. Nielsen’s account opens the door for further research on opportunistic organizations and actors that benefit from a human tragedy.</p>
<p>Another valid, but perhaps controversial debate  is the fine line that sometimes exists between human smuggling and some forms of human mobility facilitation. This is a very complex subject that requires objectivity and serious investigation. The direct involvement of drug trafficking organizations (e.g. the Sinaloa Cartel) in migrant smuggling at the Arizona-Sonora borderlands put migrants at great risk. These actors facilitate human mobility but at a very high cost for vulnerable people in an era of increased border enforcement. They also benefit from the good work of humanitarian aid groups.</p>
<p>The criminalization of humanitarian aid is unacceptable. <a href="https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/en/case/scott-warren-facing-20-year-prison-sentence-providing-humanitarian-aid">The Scott Warren’s case</a> is emblematic in this regard. But also concerning is <a href="https://thisistucson.com/news/local/steller-column-absence-of-caravan-leader-permeates-no-more-deaths-trial/article_9da24709-312e-5994-aa87-7fb8a62dabe9.html">the alleged role of Irineo Mujica of Pueblo sin Fronteras</a> (a key player in the mobilization of migrant caravans) in this episode.</p>
<p>Humanitarian aid should not be equated to human smuggling. However, we need to do further research on the intended or unintended consequences of the work of organizations that do not just provide aid or water to migrants in the desert, but that have played a crucial role in moving mass migrations in the recent years. The false promises of some caravan organizers in a context of extreme border enforcement break the fundamental premises of migration ethics and have put migrants at great danger or have even led them to death.</p>
<p> <a class="takaisin-ylos" style="float: right;" href="#kommentit">Takaisin ylös &uarr;</a> <br>
</div></div></p>
<p> <a href="/kirjoita-versukseen/"><input class="kirjoita-versukseen" type="submit" value="Kirjoita Versukseen" /></a> </p>
<p></p>


<div class="wp-block-query is-layout-flow wp-block-query-is-layout-flow"><ul class="is-flex-container columns-3 wp-block-post-template is-layout-flow wp-block-post-template-is-layout-flow"><li class="wp-block-post post-13060 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-kriittinen-tila category-multilingual tag-hallbarhet tag-marginalisering tag-medborgare tag-periferi tag-rattvisa">
<figure class="wp-block-post-featured-image"><a href="http://www.versuslehti.fi/kriittinen-tila/invanarna-tar-itu-med-utmaningarna-i-avlagsna-omraden/" target="_self"  ><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="5344" height="3008" src="http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Argumenta_Hiihtolatu.jpg" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="Invånarna tar itu med utmaningarna i avlägsna områden" style="object-fit:cover;" srcset="http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Argumenta_Hiihtolatu.jpg 5344w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Argumenta_Hiihtolatu-300x169.jpg 300w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Argumenta_Hiihtolatu-1024x576.jpg 1024w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Argumenta_Hiihtolatu-768x432.jpg 768w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Argumenta_Hiihtolatu-1536x865.jpg 1536w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Argumenta_Hiihtolatu-2048x1153.jpg 2048w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Argumenta_Hiihtolatu-1260x709.jpg 1260w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Argumenta_Hiihtolatu-800x450.jpg 800w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Argumenta_Hiihtolatu-1226x690.jpg 1226w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 5344px) 100vw, 5344px" /></a></figure>

<div class="wp-block-post-date"><time datetime="2025-05-22T16:00:35+03:00">22.5.2025</time></div>

<h2 class="lisa-artikkelit wp-block-post-title"><a href="http://www.versuslehti.fi/kriittinen-tila/invanarna-tar-itu-med-utmaningarna-i-avlagsna-omraden/" target="_self" >Invånarna tar itu med utmaningarna i avlägsna områden</a></h2>
</li><li class="wp-block-post post-12588 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-gradusta-asiaa tag-eu tag-humanitaarinen-raja tag-ihmisoikeudet">
<figure class="wp-block-post-featured-image"><a href="http://www.versuslehti.fi/gradusta-asiaa/eun-uusi-maahanmuutto-ja-turvapaikkasopimus/" target="_self"  ><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="6000" height="4000" src="http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/julie-ricard-MX0erXb3Mms-unsplash-3.jpg" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="EU:n uusi maahanmuutto- ja turvapaikkasopimus: ratkaisu rajavalvonnan ja universaalien ihmisoikeuksien toteutumisen yhdistämiseen?" style="object-fit:cover;" srcset="http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/julie-ricard-MX0erXb3Mms-unsplash-3.jpg 6000w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/julie-ricard-MX0erXb3Mms-unsplash-3-300x200.jpg 300w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/julie-ricard-MX0erXb3Mms-unsplash-3-1024x683.jpg 1024w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/julie-ricard-MX0erXb3Mms-unsplash-3-768x512.jpg 768w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/julie-ricard-MX0erXb3Mms-unsplash-3-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/julie-ricard-MX0erXb3Mms-unsplash-3-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/julie-ricard-MX0erXb3Mms-unsplash-3-1035x690.jpg 1035w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 6000px) 100vw, 6000px" /></a></figure>

<div class="wp-block-post-date"><time datetime="2024-06-28T12:15:38+03:00">28.6.2024</time></div>

<h2 class="lisa-artikkelit wp-block-post-title"><a href="http://www.versuslehti.fi/gradusta-asiaa/eun-uusi-maahanmuutto-ja-turvapaikkasopimus/" target="_self" >EU:n uusi maahanmuutto- ja turvapaikkasopimus: ratkaisu rajavalvonnan ja universaalien ihmisoikeuksien toteutumisen yhdistämiseen?</a></h2>
</li><li class="wp-block-post post-12290 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-english category-tiededebatti tag-administrative-reform tag-community tag-governance tag-mobility tag-territorial-identity">
<figure class="wp-block-post-featured-image"><a href="http://www.versuslehti.fi/tiededebatti/what-is-the-scale-of-territorial-coherence/" target="_self"  ><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1283" height="744" src="http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/KasemetsNugin_1.png" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="What is the scale of territorial coherence that encourages endogenous governance?" style="object-fit:cover;" srcset="http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/KasemetsNugin_1.png 1283w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/KasemetsNugin_1-300x174.png 300w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/KasemetsNugin_1-1024x594.png 1024w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/KasemetsNugin_1-768x445.png 768w, http://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/KasemetsNugin_1-1190x690.png 1190w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1283px) 100vw, 1283px" /></a></figure>

<div class="wp-block-post-date"><time datetime="2024-02-21T11:00:13+02:00">21.2.2024</time></div>

<h2 class="lisa-artikkelit wp-block-post-title"><a href="http://www.versuslehti.fi/tiededebatti/what-is-the-scale-of-territorial-coherence/" target="_self" >What is the scale of territorial coherence that encourages endogenous governance?</a></h2>
</li></ul></div>



<p></div>
<p>The post <a href="http://www.versuslehti.fi/tiededebatti/dangerous-border-but-for-whom/">Dangerous border – but for whom?</a> appeared first on <a href="http://www.versuslehti.fi"></a>.</p>
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		<title>Transnational care market enables alternative working careers for Finnish nurses</title>
		<link>http://www.versuslehti.fi/english/transnational-care-market-enables-alternative-working-careers-for-finnish-nurses/?utm_source=rss&#038;utm_medium=rss&#038;utm_campaign=transnational-care-market-enables-alternative-working-careers-for-finnish-nurses</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Toimitus]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 29 Jun 2020 04:00:24 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[English]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Kriittinen tila]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Agency]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Economy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Gender]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Migration]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.versuslehti.fi/?p=6464</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p><span class="span-reading-time rt-reading-time" style="display: block;"><span class="rt-label rt-prefix">Lukuaika:</span> <span class="rt-time"> 6</span> <span class="rt-label rt-postfix">min.</span></span>The cross-border commuting of Finnish nurses to Norway indicates a change in the labor market and labor market citizenship. Commuting nurses can be seen as active decision-makers.</p>
<p>The post <a href="http://www.versuslehti.fi/english/transnational-care-market-enables-alternative-working-careers-for-finnish-nurses/">Transnational care market enables alternative working careers for Finnish nurses</a> appeared first on <a href="http://www.versuslehti.fi"></a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<span class="span-reading-time rt-reading-time" style="display: block;"><span class="rt-label rt-prefix">Lukuaika:</span> <span class="rt-time"> 6</span> <span class="rt-label rt-postfix">min.</span></span><div class="four-columns-three"></p>
<p><div class="box blue-box"><em>This text is also published <a href="https://www.versuslehti.fi/kriittinen-tila/ylirajaiset-hoivamarkkinat-mahdollistavat-vaihtoehtoisen-tyouran-suomalaisille-sairaanhoitajille/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">in Finnish</a>. Tämä teksti on julkaistu myös <a href="https://www.versuslehti.fi/kriittinen-tila/ylirajaiset-hoivamarkkinat-mahdollistavat-vaihtoehtoisen-tyouran-suomalaisille-sairaanhoitajille/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">suomeksi</a>.</em></div></p>
<p><span class="dropcap">T</span>he gap between care and the provision of care in the field is global concern but also in the Finnish labor market debate. There is good employment in the care sector, but nevertheless Finnish nurses are interested in extensive labor markets and tendering for their own skills. With international recruitment, cross-border commuting reflects a change in the labor market and labor market citizenship, in which workers are active players and decision-makers. For Finnish nurses, the most attractive commuting country with good employee benefits is Norway, where working periods can be arranged from one week to several months.</p>
<p>Finland&#8217;s general cross-border migration has been the outflow of Finnish labor, and the benefit-cost ratio of migration movements has been negative over time. Finland&#8217;s largest migration waves have been a wave of migration to the United States in the early 20th century and Sweden in the late 1960s. In the 21st century, a smaller wave of migration was seen when a group of high-skilled nurses moved to Norway to get a job.</p>
<p>At the end of the 1990s, the Norwegian State recruited nurses from Finland, Germany and Poland through the Aetat Recruitment Program. This recruitment of nurses in poorer countries had to be abolished for ethical reasons in 2003. However, the recruitment did not stop, but private recruitment companies came to the Norwegian care market. These Norwegian recruitment companies were intended as a short-term solution to the shortage of labor in the care sector, but in 2020 there is still a number of private companies in Norway that will provide medical staff to Norway from countries they consider appropriate for the sector, mainly from other Nordic countries. The recruitment practice has enabled foreign nurses to participate in short-term commuting to and from Norway, and thus the international culture of cross-border commuting has also been opened up to Finnish nurses.</p>
<p>Finland&#8217;s previous migration movements have been strongly associated with structural reasons at macro level, such as unemployment and financial problems. At the turn of the 21st century, unemployed nurses who wanted to find employment in their own field went abroad. As employment improved, some nurses returned to Finland and emigration leveled for years. However, the search for the Norwegian care market now seems to be growing again, and the motives and meanings of work-related mobility are today micro level personal solutions. Work and career involve personal goals and dreams that you want to achieve.  Some nurses commuter in Norway along with their own part-time work, but more and more nurses have left nursing in Finland and commute to Norway for work. Commuting is organized either by arranging an employment contract through a recruitment company or directly with a Norwegian employer. The most common employee benefits are free travel and housing, but other benefits can also be negotiated. Regions that find it difficult to gain employment offer the best employment benefits. Finnish nurses thus act as active negotiators in the Norwegian labor and care markets.</p>
<p>The Migration Movements of Finnish nurses are recorded, for example, by the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL). THL receives statistical data from Valvira, which registers nurses who have moved abroad permanently. According to statistics, in 2000 there were about 600 nurses who left for Norway and in 2008 the figure had decreased by half. However, the statistics do not show nurses who commute abroad temporarily and whose country of residence is Finland. As a result, realistic figures for all Finnish nurses working in Norway are not available and work commuting has been underestimated as a phenomenon.</p>
<p>To date, research into the work-related movement of nurses has focused on more permanent migration from poorer countries towards welfare states, but the study on temporary work-related mobility between welfare states has been limited. However, the phenomenon of commuting for work has already been identified but has not yet been sufficiently defined or studied.</p>
<h3>From the normal employment model towards transnational labor market citizenship</h3>
<p>The key elements of working life for the individual are those who change the way an individual lives, the relationship between paid and non-paid employment, and, in general, the relationship between the individual and the labor market. Participation in the labor market is organized through different social models, which differ from one European country to another. Collectively, however, they are based on the idea of social and labor market citizenship, through which individuals attach themselves to the social partners. Studies on labor mobility have therefore introduced the concept of transnational labor market citizenship.</p>
<p>The mobility of nurses is a matter of reorganizing low and medium-paid, female-dominated work. In the Nordic countries, from the 1960s onwards, the model of the welfare state, which supported women&#8217;s equality, began to stand out. The women-friendly welfare state and state feminism began to develop, and the basic pillars of women-friendly social policy were public care services, generous social security, good-quality family leave and personalized social benefits. These changes created a foundation for women&#8217;s autonomy and the motherhood of paid employment.</p>
<p>The Finnish labor market has been characterized by a so-called normal working relationship model, i.e. a family model of two wage-earners, in which women have participated in the labor market to the same extent as men. The work-related commuting by Finnish nurses has transformed the idea of labor market citizenship &#8211; familiar, safe, ordinary and traditional everyday life has turned into an everyday life that takes place in multiple locations.</p>
<p>Nursing has become a freelance profession, which makes it possible to rearrange the work, either in Finland or outside Finland. For Finnish nurses who are commuting to Norway, work mobility means moving away from conventional ways of working.</p>
<p>The internationalization of the labor market and technological developments, including online recruitment have made international employment more flexible and easier. More and more of us have international experiences through travel or studies. Economic growth has made it possible to move around and thus lowered the threshold to international careers. Commuting has changed the way things operate in the labor market and expanded work mobility reflects the adaptability of the labor market and the increased competition.</p>
<h3>The importance of labor market change for nurses</h3>
<p>The labor market is in constant turmoil, and the employment relationship is no longer the basis of a stable life. Graduation does not automatically guarantee middle-class life, but lives in smaller cycles, where short and longer term employment, unemployment and study alternate. Life is filled with small projects. You want to experience, learn and challenge yourself. The nature of the work has changed, as has labor market policy.</p>
<p>Today, living in a welfare society no longer just means material well-being or health. On the other hand, prosperity is seen as a broader opportunity to determine one’s own life course and norms. Changes in work and everyday life are often small and inconspicuous, largely unconscious, but the increased autonomy of individuals in society has provided citizens with tools to change everyday life and its routines consciously and plannedly, including in women-dominated sectors.</p>
<p>The increase in autonomy in the care market is also evident in the daily lives of nurses in Norway. They define the amount and time of their own work, including active participation and good negotiating skills in matters of pay and employment. The possibility of a high degree of autonomy, competitive pay and a more relaxed working conditions is of interest to Finnish nurses. It is possible to change work that is not satisfactory in Finland for a more flexible way of working by commuting. The good employee benefits offered by Norway attract Finnish nurses, although the commuter lifestyle brings with it certain challenges.</p>
<p>From a social point of view, the nurses are, in principle, labor market citizens, but in their own daily lives they are also mothers, spouses and carers. There is an inevitable need for restructuring everyday life.</p>
<p>In spring 2020, there were two major changes that affected nursing in Finland and globally. The negotiations on the pay and conditions of nursing staff in Finland and the global Corona virus pandemic have created tensions in many respects. Traditionally, nurses have been an invisible and quiet professional group, but the changes have created an active and visible group of nurses, ready to re-negotiate their place in the labor market.</p>
<p>KATJA LAAKKONEN</p>
<p><em>The English translation was edited by Katja Hiltunen.</em></p>
<p></div>
<div class="four-columns-one last"></p>
<p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://www.versuslehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/Katja-Laakkonen_kuva-scaled-e1592888887642-150x150.jpg" alt="" class="aligncenter size-thumbnail wp-image-6455" width="150" height="150"><br>
<span class="uppercase">Katja Laakkonen</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em>Katja Laakkonen is a doctoral candidate at the University of Eastern Finland at the Faculty of Social Sciences. She conducts research on the transnational daily life of Finnish nurses as labor market citizens in Finland and Norway. Laakkonen has worked as a nurse in both Finland and Norway. Working as a nurse in Norway and teaching Norwegian to nurses at a Joensuu community college have given Laakkonen an extensive understanding of work-related commuting between Finland and Norway.<br>
Twitter: @laakkonen_katja</em></p>
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<p>The post <a href="http://www.versuslehti.fi/english/transnational-care-market-enables-alternative-working-careers-for-finnish-nurses/">Transnational care market enables alternative working careers for Finnish nurses</a> appeared first on <a href="http://www.versuslehti.fi"></a>.</p>
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